Milford H. Wolpoff

Milford H. Wolpoff (born 1942 to Ruth (Silver) and Ben Wolpoff, Chicago, Illinois) is a paleoanthropologist, and since 1977, a professor of anthropology and adjunct associate research scientist, Museum of Anthropology at the University of Michigan. He is the leading proponent of the multiregional evolution hypothesis that attempts to explain the evolution of Homo sapiens as a consequence of evolutionary processs within a single species. He is the author, with Rachel Caspari, of Race and Human Evolution: A Fatal Attraction, which reviews the scientific evidence and conflicting theories about human evolution.

His research on the Multiregional model of human evolution challenges the 'African Eve' theory. His basis for advancing the multiregional interpretation of human evolution derives from his dibelief in punctuated equilibrium as an accurate model for Pleistocene humanity (the idea that changes occur when new species are formed and only rarely are slowly and gradually accumulated during the stable periods between speciations)., noting that speciation played a role creating changes earlier in human evolution.

Education

Wolpoff received an A.B. in 1964 and a Ph.D., both in anthropology, from the University of Illinois in Urbana, Illinois. His research advisor and intellectual mentor was Eugene Giles.

Professional

Wolpoff is a paleoanthropologist, an anthropologist who studies the human past. Wolpoff was trained at the University of Illinois, as a student of Eugene Giles and a product of an aggressively 4-field department. Beyond anthropology, his training has been in physics and evolutionary biology and ecology. He brings to the study of the human and non-human primate fossil record a background that combines evolution theory, population genetics, and biomechanics. With over 50 grants funded by the National Science Foundation, National Academy of Sciences, and the University of Michigan, Wolpoff has visited the museums where human and primate fossils are stored and has studied in detail and at length all the materials addressing the fossil evidence for human evolution across Europe, Asia, and Africa. His research foci have included the evolution and fate of the European Neandertals, the role of culture in early hominid evolution, the nature and explanation of allometry, robust australopithecine evolution, the distribution and explanation of sexual dimorphism, hominid origins, the pattern and explanation of Australasian hominid evolution, the contributions and role of genetics in paleoanthropological research, and the taxonomy of the genius Homo. In addition, he is a primary describer of many hominid fossil remains. Drawing on this background and research experience, Wolpoff continuing research for the last 15 years has been the development, articulation, and defense of his Multiregional model of human evolution. Almost as time consuming has been the preparation and publication of the 2nd edition of Paleoanthropology (1999, McGraw-Hill), Wolpoff's detailed 878 page presentation of the fossil record for human evolution and the many levels of explanation for the pattern it reflects. Writing with Rachel Caspari, their Race and Human Evolution (1997, Simon & Schuster) was very favorably reviewed in professional journals and in the New York Times, where it was recommended reading. It received the W.W. Howells Book Prize in Biological from the Biological Anthropology Section of the American Anthropological Association. Besides these Wolpoff has published 5 other books, 160 papers, and 22 book reviews, has presented numerous lectures and meetings papers, and has had many interviews and video appearances. His work has also appeared in The New York Times, New Scientist, Discover, and Newsweek. Since 1976 Wolpoff has graduated 14 Ph.D. students, 7 women and 7 men, all but two of whom have academic positions. These Michigan graduates include the discoverer of several new australopithecine species, the first paleoanthropologist to debunk the hominid status of Ramapithecus, the leaders in the study of late Pleistocene European evolution, three past or present chairs (or heads) of anthropology departments, and the past president of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, and the editor of the American Journal of Physical anthropology. Wolpoff is a member of many anthropological organizations, and is a Honorary Life Member of the Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

Multiregional evolution and the punctuated equilibrium theory

Wolpoff suggests that after an African origin of Homo sapiens (including Homo ergaster/Homo erectus), local evolutionary events took place across the world (Africa, Europe, Asia, and when they were advantageous, they spread everywhere else. According to Wolpoff, populations of Homo evolved together as a single species. Change in Pleistocene populations did not involve speciation (the splitting of one species onto two): all this time the geographically distinct populations maintained small amounts of gene flow. This idea directly challenges the 'Out of Africa' model, which claims Homo sapiens evolved recently as a new species in Africa and then dispersed throughout the old world replacing the human populations without mixing with them

In an earlier example of puctuated evolution preceding the global diffusion of Homo sapiens genes from Africa, some two million years ago, Wolpoff points to evidence of an earlier 'genetic revolution' that took place in a small group isolated from australopithecine forebears. "The earliest H. sapiens remains differ significantly from australopithecines in both size and anatomical details," he notes. "Insofar as we can tell, these changes were sudden and not gradual."

Books and monographs

1971 Metric Trends in Hominid Dental Evolution. Case Western Reserve Studies in Anthropology 2. Case Western Reserve University Press, Cleveland; 244 pp.
1976 William R. Farrand, Richard W. Redding, Milford H. Wolpoff, and Henry T. Wright, III) An Archaeological Investigation on the Loboi Plain, Baringo District, Kenya. Museum of Anthropology, The University of Michigan Technical Reports Number 4, Research Reports in Archaeology, Contribution 1, Ann Arbor.
1980 Paleoanthropology. Knopf, New York; 379 pp. ISBN 0-394-32197-9
1988 Jakov Radovčić, Fred H. Smith, Erik Trinkaus, and Milford H. Wolpoff The Krapina Hominids: An Illustrated Catalog of the Skeletal Collection. Mladost Press and the Croatian Natural History Museum, Zagreb.
1994 Paleoanthropology. Preliminary publication of the 2nd edition. College Custom Series, McGraw-Hill, New York. ISBN 0-07-071679-X
1995 Human Evolution. 1996 edition. College Custom Series, McGraw-Hill, New York. ISBN 0-07-071827-X
1996 Human Evolution. 1996-1997 edition. College Custom Series, McGraw-Hill, New York. ISBN 0-07-071833-4
1997 Milford H. Wolpoff and Rachel Caspari: Race and Human Evolution. Simon and Schuster, New York. ISBN 0-684-81013-1. Published in paperback in 1998 by Westview press ISBN 0-8133-3546-9. A Canadian National Institute for the Blind talking book RC18623 (4 cassettes, narrated by Roy Avers). Recipient of the 1999 W.W. Howells Book Prize in Biological Anthropology, presented by the Biological Anthropology Section of the American Anthropological Association
1999 Paleoanthropology. 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill, New York. ISBN 0-07-071676-5. Reviewed by A. Bilsborough (2001) Clash of the Titans. Journal of Human Evolution 41:701-709.

Published papers

1968

"Telanthropus" and the Single Species Hypothesis. American Anthropologist 70:447-493. Reprinted in Man in Evolutionary Perspective, edited by C.L. Brace and J. Metress. Wiley, New York. pp. 255-271 (1973).
Climatic Influence on the Skeletal Nasal Aperture. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 29:405-427.
Giles, E., A. Hansen, J. McCullough, D. Metzger, and M.H. Wolpoff: Hydrogen Cyanide Phenylthiocarbamide Sensitivity, Mid-phalangeal Hair, and Color Blindness in Ticul, Mexico. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 28:203-212.

1969

The Effect of Mutations under Conditions of Reduced Selection. Social Biology 16:11-23. Reprinted in Man in Evolutionary Perspective, edited by C.L. Brace and J. Metress. Wiley, New York. pp. 18-29 (1973).
Cranial Capacity and Taxonomy of Olduvai Hominid 7. Nature 223:182-183.

1970

The Evidence for Multiple Hominid Taxa at Swartkrans. American Anthropologist 72:756-607.

Taxonomy and Cranial Capacity of Olduvai Hominid 7. Nature 227:747.

1971

Interstitial Wear. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 34:205-228.

Is the New Composite Cranium from Swartkrans a Small Robust Australopithecine? Nature 230:398-401.

Is Vértesszöllös II an Occipital of Homo erectus? Nature 232:567-568.

Vértesszöllös and the Presapiens Theory. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 35:209-216. Reprinted in Man in Evolutionary Perspective, edited by C.L. Brace and J. Metress. Wiley, New York. pp. 272-279 (1973).

A Functional Measure of Tooth Size. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 27:279-286.
Competitive Exclusion among Lower Pleistocene Hominids: The Single Species Hypothesis. Man 6:601-614. Reprinted in Explorations in Anthropology, edited by M.H. Fried. Crowell, New York. pp. 57-67 (1973), and in Primate Evolution and Human Origins, edited by R.L. Ciochon and J.G. Fleagle. Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park. pp. 269-274 (1985).
Brose, D.S., and M.H. Wolpoff: Early Upper Paleolithic Man and Late Middle Paleolithic Tools. American Anthropologist 73:1156-1194. Reprinted in The Human Evolution Source Book, edited by R.L. Ciochon and J.G. Fleagle. Prentice Hall Advances in Human Evolution Series, Englewood Cliffs. pp. 523-545 (1992).

1972

Comment on "Tooth Wear and Culture: A Survey of Tooth Functioning among some Prehistoric Populations," by S.M. Molnar. Current Anthropology 13:521-522.

1973

The Single Species Hypothesis and Early Hominid Evolution. In: Variation in Anthropology, edited by D. Lathrap and J. Douglas. Illinois Archaeological Survey, Springfield. pp. 5-15.
Comment on "On the Group System of Man and Paedomorphosis," by D.L. Crombie. Current Anthropology 14:171.
Posterior Tooth Size, Body Size, and Diet in South African Gracile Australopithecines. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 39:375-394.
Sexual Dimorphism in the Australopithecines. Publication of the IXth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, pp. 1-90.

1974

The Evidence for Two Australopithecine Lineages in South Africa. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 17:113-139.
Analogies and Interpretation in Paleoanthropology. Pre-Print, African Hominidae of the Plio-Pleistocene Conference.
Sagittal Cresting in the South African Australopithecines. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 40:397-408.
Comment on "Paleoecology of South African Australopithecines: Taung Revisited," by K.W. Butzer. Current Anthropology 15:412-413.

1975

Sexual Dimorphism in the Australopithecines. In: Paleoanthropology: Morphology and Paleoecology, edited by R.H. Tuttle. Mouton, The Hague. pp. 245-284.
Dental Reduction and the Probable Mutation Effect. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 43:307-308.
Some Aspects of Human Mandibular Evolution. In: Determinants of Mandibular Form and Growth, edited by J.A. McNamara. University of Michigan Press. pp. 1-64.
Comment on "Did La Ferrassie I Use His Teeth as a Tool?" by J. Wallace. Current Anthropology 16:399.
Comment on "Hypothesis Testing in Paleoanthropology," by D. Pilbeam and J.R. Vaisnys. In: Paleoanthropology: Morphology and Paleoecology, edited by R.H. Tuttle. Mouton, the Hague, pp. 15-18.
Comment on "Ramapithecus as a Hominid." In: Paleoanthropology: Morphology and Paleoecology, edited by R.H. Tuttle. Mouton, The Hague. pp. 174-176.
Comment on "Australopithecine Tooth Size and Sexual Dimorphism." In: Paleoanthropology: Morphology and Paleoecology, edited by R.H. Tuttle. Mouton, The Hague. pp. 285-287.
Comment on "On the Evolution of Language: A Unified View," by P. Lieberman. In: Primate Functional Morphology and Evolution, edited by R.H. Tuttle. Mouton, The Hague. pp. 541-543.
Comment on "Early Hominid Endocasts: Volumes, Morphology, and Significance for Hominid Evolution," by R.L. Holloway. In: Primate Functional Morphology and Evolution, edited by R.H. Tuttle. Mouton, The Hague, pp. 547-548.
Wolpoff, M.H., and C.L. Brace: Allometry and Early Hominids. Science 189:61-63.
Wolpoff, M.H., and C.O. Lovejoy: A Rediagnosis of the Genus Australopithecus. Journal of Human Evolution 4(3):275-276.

1976

Data and Theory in Paleoanthropological Controversies. American Anthropologist 78:94-96.
Evolutionary Aspects of Hominid Tooth Size Reduction and Early Hominid Dental Variation. Le Plus Anciens Hominidés, edited by P.V. Tobias and Y. Coppens. Centre National de la Recherche Scientific, Paris. pp. 318-406.
Multivariate Discrimination, Tooth Measurements and Early Hominid Taxonomy. Journal of Human Evolution 5:339-344.
Some Aspects of the Evolution of Early Hominid Sexual Dimorphism. Current Anthropology 17(4):579-606 (with reply to comments).
Primate Models for Australopithecine Sexual Dimorphism. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 45:497-510.
Fossil Hominid Femora. Nature 264:812-813.

1977

A Reexamination of the ER 733 Cranium. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie 68:8-13.
Systematic Variation in Early Hominid Corpus Dimensions. Anthropologischer Anzeiger 36:3-6.
Some Notes on the Vértesszöllös Occipital. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 47:357-364.

1978

Some Implications of Relative Biomechanical Neck Length in Hominid Femora. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48:143-148.
More on Australopithecine Sexual Dimorphism. Current Anthropology 19:221-222.
Some Aspects of Canine Size in the Australopithecines. Journal of Human Evolution 7:115-126.
Analogies and Interpretation in Paleoanthropology. In: Early Hominids of Africa, edited by C. Jolly. Duckworth, London. pp. 461-503.
The Dental Remains from Krapina. In: Krapinski Pračovjek I Evolucija Hominida, edited by M. Malez. Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb. pp. 119-144.
The Australopithecines: A Stage in Human Evolution. In: Krapinski Pračovjek I Evolucija Hominida, edited by M. Malez. Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb. pp. 269-291.

1979

The Krapina Dental Remains. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 50:67- 114.
On Hominid Sexual Dimorphism. Current Anthropology 20:165.
Anterior Dental Cutting in the Laetolil Hominids and the Evolution of the Bicuspid P3. *American Journal of Physical Anthropology 51:233-234.

1980

Cranial Remains of Pleistocene European Hominids. Journal of Human Evolution 9:339-358.
Morphological Dating of the Swartkrans Australopithecines. In: Proceedings of the 8th Panafrican Congress of Prehistory and Quaternary Studies. Nairobi, 1977, edited by R.E.F. Leakey and B.A. Ogot. The Louis Memorial Institute for African Prehistory, Nairobi. pp. 169-170.
Allez Neanderthal. Nature 289:823.

1981

Comment on "Bonobos: Generalized Hominid Prototypes or Specialized Insular Dwarfs." Current Anthropology 22:370-371. Publicizing Prehistory (Letter to Editor). Science 214:6. Cranial Capacity Estimates for Olduvai Hominid 7. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 56:297-304. Wolpoff, M.H., F.H. Smith, M. Malez, J. Radovčić and D. Rukavina: Upper Pleistocene Human Remains from Vindija Cave, Croatia, Yugoslavia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 54:499-545. Wolpoff, M.H., and M.D. Russell: Anterior Dental Cutting at Laetolil. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 55:223-224. Wolpoff, M.H., and M.D. Russell: Errata. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 56:325. Thorne, A.G., and M.H. Wolpoff: Regional Continuity in Australasian Pleistocene Hominid Evolution. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 55:337-349. Reprinted in: The Human Evolution Source Book, edited by R.L. Ciochon and J.G. Fleagle. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs. pp. 436-445 (1992).

1982

Relative Canine Size. Journal of Human Evolution 11:151-158. The Arago Dental Sample in the Context of Hominid Dental Evolution. In: L'Homo erectus et la Place de l'Homme de Tautavel Parmi Les Hominidés Fossiles. Colloque International de Centre National De La Recherche Scientific, Louis-Jean Scientific and Literary Publications, Nice. Volume 1, pp. 389-410. Ramapithecus and Hominid Origins. Current Anthropology 23(5):501-522 (with reply to comments). Reprinted in Primate Evolution and Human Origins, edited by R.L. Ciochon and J.G. Fleagle. Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park. pp. 244-253 (1985). Comment on "Upper Pleistocene Hominid Evolution in South-Central Europe.", by F.H. Smith. Current Anthropology 23:693. Allen, L.L., P.S. Bridges, D.L. Evon, K.R. Rosenberg, M.D. Russell, L.A. Schepartz, V.J. Vitzthum, and M.H. Wolpoff: Demography and Human Origins. American Anthropologist 84:888-896. 1983

Australopithecines: The Unwanted Ancestors. In: Hominid Origins. Inquiries Past and Present, edited by K. Reichs. University Press of America, Washington, D.C. pp. 109-126. Ramapithecus and Human Origins: An Anthropologist's Perspective of Changing Interpretations. In: New Interpretations of Ape and Human Ancestry, edited by R. Ciochon and R. Corruccini. Plenum, New York. pp. 651-676. Lucy's Lower Limbs: Long Enough for Lucy to be Fully Bipedal? Nature 304: 59-61. Lucy's Little Legs. Journal of Human Evolution 12:443-453.

1984

Evolution in Homo erectus: The Question of Stasis. Paleobiology 10(4):389- 406. Reprinted in The Human Evolution Source Book, edited by R.L. Ciochon and J.G. Fleagle. Prentice Hall Advances in Human Evolution Series, Englewood Cliffs. pp. 386-399 (1992). Wolpoff, M.H., Wu Xinzhi and A.G. Thorne: Modern Homo sapiens Origins: A General Theory of Hominid Evolution Involving the Fossil Evidence from East Asia. In: The Origins of Modern Humans: A World Survey of the Fossil Evidence, eds. F.H. Smith and F. Spencer. Liss, New York. pp. 411-483.

1985

Tooth Size - Body Size Scaling in a Human Population: Theory and Practice of an Allometric Analysis. In: Size and Scaling in Primate Biology, edited by W.L. Jungers. Plenum, New York. pp. 273-318. Prehistory and the Human Image. Michigan Quarterly Review 24(2):159-168. On Explaining the Supraorbital Torus. Current Anthropology 26(4):522. Human Evolution at the Peripheries: The Pattern at the Eastern Edge. In: Hominid Evolution: Past, Present, and Future. Proceedings of the Taung Diamond Jubilee International Symposium, Johannesburg and Mmabatho, Southern Africa, 27th January - 4th February 1985. Edited by P.V. Tobias. Alan R. Liss, New York. pp. 355-365. Wolpoff, M.H., and A. Nkini: Early and Early Middle Pleistocene Hominids from Asia and Africa. In: Ancestors: The Hard Evidence, edited by E. Delson. Alan R. Liss, New York. pp. 202-205. Frayer, D.W., and M.H. Wolpoff: Sexual Dimorphism. Annual Review of Anthropology for 1985 14:429-73.

1986

More on Zhoukoudian. Current Anthropology 27(1):45-46. Describing Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens. A Distinction without a Definable Difference. In: Fossil Man - New Facts, New Ideas. Papers in Honor of Jan Jelínek's Life Anniversary, edited by V.V. Novotný and A. Mizerová. Anthropos (Brno) 23:41-53. Prehistory and the Human Image. LSA Magazine (The University of Michigan) 9(3):17-21. Stasis in the Interpretation of Evolution in Homo erectus: A Reply to Rightmire. Paleobiology 12(3):325-328. Wolpoff, M.H., and R. Caspari: Article on the Leakey Family. Encyclopedia Americana, 1986 Edition 17:114-115. Carried forward in future editions.

1988

The Origins of Humanity. In: Tracks Through Time, edited by F. Doig. Australian Natural History Supplement 2:16-25. Foreword (Predgovor) to Dragutin Gorjanovic´-Kramberger and Krapina Early Man: The Foundation of Modern Paleoanthropology by J. Radovčić. Školska knjiga and Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej, Zagreb. pp. 6-7. Divergence between Early Hominid Lineages: The Roles of Competition and Culture. In: The Evolutionary History of "Robust" Australopithecines, edited by F. Grine. Aldine de Gruyter, New York. pp. 485-497. Wolpoff, M.H., J.M. Monge, and M. Lampl: Was Taung a Human or an Ape? Nature 335:501 Wolpoff, M.H., J.N. Spuhler, F.H. Smith, J. Radovčić, G. Pope, D.W. Frayer, R. Eckhardt, and G. Clark: Modern Human Origins. Science 241:772-773.

1989

Multiregional Evolution: the Fossil Alternative to Eden. In: The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans, edited by P. Mellars and C.B. Stringer. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. pp. 62-108. Reprinted in The Human Evolution Source Book, edited by R.L. Ciochon and J.G. Fleagle. Prentice Hall Advances in Human Evolution Series, Englewood Cliffs. pp. 476-497 (1992). The Place of the Neandertals in Human Evolution. In: The Emergence of Modern Humans, edited by E. Trinkaus. Cambridge University Press, London. pp. 97- 141 (with references at the back of the volume). Evolutionary Trends in the European Neandertals. In: L'Homme de Néandertal. Volume 7, L'Extinction. Etudes et Recherches Archaéologiques de l'Université Liège 34:129. 1990

Encyclopedia Britannica 1990 edition entry on Extinct Humans of East Asia and Australasia. Carried forward in future editions. Wolpoff, M.H., and R. Caspari: On Middle Paleolithic/Middle Stone Age Hominid Taxonomy. Current Anthropology 31(4):394-395. Sohn, S., and M.H. Wolpoff: Zuttiyeh: A New Look at an Old Face. Acta Anthropologica Sinica 9(4):358-370. 1991

Comment on "Isolation and Evolution in Tasmania", by C. Pardoe. Current Anthropology 32(1):17-18. Homo erectus et les Origines de la Diversité Humaine. In: Aux Origines d' Homo sapiens. Nouvelle Encyclopédie Diderot, edited by. J-J. Hublin and A- M. Tillier. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris. pp. 97-155. Comment on "The Human Community as a Primate Society", by L. Rodseth, R.W. Wrangham, A.M. Harrigan, and B.B. Smuts. Current Anthropology 32(3):249. Wolpoff, M.H., and A.G. Thorne: The Case Against Eve. New Scientist 22(1774):33-37. Thorne, A.G., and M.H. Wolpoff: Conflict over Modern Human Origins. Search 22(5):175-177. 1992

Levantines and Londoners. Science 255:142. Theories of Modern Human Origins. In: Continuity or Replacement. Controversies in Homo sapiens Evolution, edited by G. Bräuer and F.H. Smith. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. pp. 25-63. Wolpoff, M.H., and D.W. Frayer: Neanderthal Dates Debated. Nature 356:200-201. Thorne, A.G., and M.H. Wolpoff: The Multiregional Evolution of Humans. Scientific American 266(4):76-83 Reprinted in K.M. Endicott and R. Welsch (eds) Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Issues in Anthropology. McGraw-Hill/Dushkin, Guilford, Connecticut (2001), pp. 12-21. Thorne, A.G., and M.H. Wolpoff: All about Eve. Scientific American 267(3):12.

1993

Reply to Dr. Foote (Human Cranial Variability: a Methodological Comment). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 90(3):381-384. Eckhardt, R.B., A.G. Thorne, and M.W. Wolpoff: Multiregional Evolution. Science 262:973-974. Frayer, D.W., and M.H. Wolpoff: "Comment on "Glottogenesis and Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens: Evidence for and Implications of a late Origin of Vocal Language," by R.G. Milo and D. Quiatt. Current Anthropology 34(5):14-16. Frayer, D.W., M.H. Wolpoff, A.G. Thorne, F.H. Smith, and G.G. Pope: Theories of Modern Human Origins: the Paleontological Test. American Anthropologist 95(1):14-50. Sohn, S., and M.H. Wolpoff: The Zuttiyeh face: a View from the East. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 91(3):325-348. Thorne, A.G., M.H. Wolpoff, and R.B. Eckhardt: Genetic Variation in Africa. Science 261:1507-1508.

1994

Yes It Is, ... No It Isn't: A Reply to Van Vark and Bilsborough. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 95(1):92-93. How does Evolution Work? Evolutionary Anthropology 3(1):4-5. Time and Phylogeny. Evolutionary Anthropology 3(2):38-39. What Do We Mean by Human - and Why Does it Matter? Evolutionary Anthropology 3(4):116-117. The Calm Before the Storm. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 4(1):97-103. Wolpoff, M.H., A.G. Thorne, F.H. Smith, D.W. Frayer, and G.G. Pope: Multiregional Evolution: A World-Wide Source for Modern Human Populations. In: Origins of Anatomically Modern Humans, edited by M.H. Nitecki and D.V. Nitecki. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 175-199. Wolpoff, M.H., A.G. Thorne, J. Jelínek, and Zhang Yinyun: The Case for Sinking Homo erectus. 100 Years of Pithecanthropus is Enough! Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 171:341-361. Frayer, D.W., M.H. Wolpoff, A.G. Thorne, F.H. Smith and G.G. Pope: Reply to "Resolving the Archaic-to-Modern Transition" by G.S. Krantz. American Anthropologist 96(1):152-155. Frayer, D.W., M.H. Wolpoff, A.G. Thorne, F.H. Smith and G.G. Pope: Getting it Straight. American Anthropologist 96(2):424-438. 1995

Untangling the Issues: A Reply to Dr. Stringer. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 96(2):185-188. In Focus: An Interview. Anthropology Newsletter 36(2):17. Our Gang. In: How Things Are: A Science Tool-Kit for the Mind, edited by J. Brockman and K. Matson. William Morrow and Company, New York. pp. 87-99. Wright for the Wrong Reasons. Journal of Human Evolution 29(2):185-188. http://extra.idealibrary.com/production/jhev/1995/29/2/jhev.1995.1054/1054a.pdf Letter about “Biological Anthropology and its Representation in the Press”. Anthropology Newsletter 36(7):11. Further comment on “Biological Anthropology and its Representation in the Press”. Anthropology Newsletter 36(8):16. Middle Pleistocene Europeans and the Origins of Modern Humans. In: Human Evolution in Europe and the Atapuerca Evidence, edited by J-M. Bermúdez de Castro, J.L. Arsuaga, and E. Carbonell. Volume 1. Sever-Cuesta, Valladolid. pp. 229-241. Wolpoff, M.H., and T.L. Crummett: Comment on "Testing Hypotheses about Recent Human Evolution from Skulls", by D.E. Lieberman. Current Anthropology 36(2):186-188. Caspari, R., and M.H. Wolpoff: The Pattern of Human Evolution. In: Man and the Environment in the Paleolithic, edited by H. Ullrich. Études et Recherches Archéologiques de l'Université Liège 62:19-27.

1996

Comment on Recent AA Article. Anthropology Newsletter 37(2):27 Interpretations of Multiregional Evolution. Science 274(5288):704-705. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/274/5288/704d Neandertals of the Upper Paleolithic. In E. Carbonell and M. Vaquero (eds.): The Last Neandertals, The First Anatomically Modern Humans: A Tale about Human Diversity. Gràfiques Lluc, Tarragona. pp. 51-76. Australopithecus: a New Look at an Old Ancestor (part 1). General Anthropology 3(1):1-7. Wolpoff, M.H., and R. Caspari: The Modernity Mess. Journal of Human Evolution 30(2):167-172. http://extra.idealibrary.com/production/jhev/1996/30/2/jhev.1996.0015/0015a.pdf Wolpoff, M.H., and R. Caspari: Why Aren’t Neandertals Modern Humans? In O. Bar-Yosef, L.L. Cavalli-Sforza, R.J. March, and M. Piperno (eds.): The Lower and Middle Paleolithic. Colloquium X: The Origin of Modern Man. Colloquia of the XIII International Congress of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences. A.B.A.C.O, Forlì. pp. 133-156. Wolpoff, M.H., and R. Caspari: An Unparalleled Parallelism. Anthropologie (Brno) 34(3):215-223. Caspari, R., and M.H. Wolpoff: Coon and Weidenreich. Human Evolution 11(3-4):261-268.

1997

Multiregional Evolution in the Genus Homo. “Frontiers” section in: Biological Anthropology: A Synthetic Approach to Human Evolution, by N.T. Boaz and A.J. Almquist. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. pp. 378-379. Australopithecus: a New Look at an Old Ancestor (part 2). General Anthropology 3(2):1-5. ‘Mrs Ples’ now and then. In J.F. Thackeray (ed.): ‘Mrs Ples’ and Palaeontological Heritage. South African Journal of Science 93(4):166-167. What are the Odds? Evolutionary Anthropology 6(1):7-8. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext?ID=56191&PLACEBO=IE.pdf Wolpoff, M.H., and R. Caspari: What Does it Mean to be Modern? In G.A. Clark and C.M. Willermet (eds.): Conceptual Issues in Modern Human Origins Research. Aldine de Gruyter, New York. pp. 28-44, and combined bibliography on pp. 437-492. Wolpoff, M.H., A. Mann and R. Caspari: Don't Bring Politics Into Neanderthal Debate. The New York Times Letters (8/2/97). Reprinted in A.J. Almquist (ed) Contemporary Readings in Physical Anthropology. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle, New Jersey (2000), pp. 148-149.

1998

Iz Afriki. In A. Velichko and O. Soffer (eds.): Chelovek zaselyaet planetu Zemlya. Global'noe rasselenie gominid. Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. pp. 29-40 (in Russian). Multiregional Evolution and Modern Human Origins. In K. Omoto and P. V. Tobias (eds.): Origins and Past of Modern Humans: Towards Reconciliation. World Scientific, Singapore. pp. 91-105. Concocting a Divisive Theory. Evolutionary Anthropology 7(1):1-3. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext?ID=78940&PLACEBO=IE.pdf Neandertals: Not so Fast. Science 282:1991 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/282/5396/1991b Caspari, R., and M.H. Wolpoff: Race and Human Evolution. LSA Magazine (The University of Michigan) 22(1):12-18.

1999

Reply to “Neanderthal DNA Analysis” by R. Eckert. LSA Magazine (The University of Michigan) 22(2):39. Multiregional Evolution. In J. Gibert, F. Sánchez, L. Gibert, and F. Ribot (eds.): The Hominids and their Environment During the Lower and Middle Pleistocene of Eurasia. Proceedings of the International Conference of Human Paleontology. Imprenta Cervantes, Baza (Granada, Spain). pp. 337-344. The Systematics of Homo (letter). Science 284:1773. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/284/5421/1773c Out of Africa. Anthropologie 37(1):33-44 Wolpoff, M.H., and R. Caspari: Letter to the Editor. Evolutionary Anthropology 8(1):10. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext?ID=62000143&PLACEBO=IE.pdf Hawks, J.D., and M.H. Wolpoff: Endocranial Capacity of Early Hominids (technical comment). Science 283:9 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/283/5398/9b 2000

Science. In J. Brockman (ed.): The Greatest Inventions of the Past 2000 Years. Simon and Schuster, New York. pp. 137-138. Current Issues in Biological Anthropology: An Update for 1999. Teaching Anthropology SACC Notes 7(1):9-13. A Comment on: The Recognition and Evaluation of Homoplasy in Primate and Human Evolution. (Lockwood, C.A., and J.G. Fleagle, 1999, Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 42:189-232.). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 113(2):275-276. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext?ID=73500865&PLACEBO=IE.pdf Wolpoff, M.H., and R. Caspari: The Many Species of Humanity. Przegląd Antropologiczny (Anthropological Review) 63(1):3-17 Wolpoff, M.H., J.D. Hawks, and R. Caspari: Multiregional, Not Multiple Origins. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 112(1):129-136. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext?ID=71008905&PLACEBO=IE.pdf Reprinted in R.J. Ciochon and J.G. Fleagle (eds) The Human Evolution Source Book. Advances in Human Evolution Series, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey (2006), pp. 604-609. Cela-Conde, C.J., E. Aguirre, F.J. Ayala, P.V. Tobias, D. Turbón, L.C. Aiello, M. Collard, M. Goodman, C.P. Groves, F. Clark Howell, J.H. Schwartz, D.S. Straight, F. Szalay, I. Tattersall, M.H. Wolpoff, and B.A. Wood) Systematics of Humankind. Palma 2000: An International Working Group on Systematics in Human Paleontology. Ludus Vitalis (Revista de Filosofía de las Ciencias de la Vida) 7(13):127-130. Reprinted in Volume 9(15):179-182 (2001). Etler, D.A., T.L. Crummett, and M.H. Wolpoff: Longgupo: Early Homo Colonizer or Late Pliocene Lufengpithecus Survivor in South China? Human Evolution 15(1-2):151-162. Hawks, J.D., S. Dobson, and M.H. Wolpoff: Variation in Nasal Breadth as a test of Genetic Drift in European Neandertals. Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, n.s.12(3-4):431-436. Hawks, J.D., S. Oh, K. Hunley, S. Dobson, G. Cabana, P. Dayalu, and M.W. Wolpoff: An Australasian Test of the Recent African Origin Theory using the WLH-50 Calvarium. Journal of Human Evolution 39(1):1-22. http://extra.idealibrary.com/production/jhev/2000/39/1/jhev.1999.0384/0384a.pdf Hawks, J.D., K. Hunley, S-H. Lee, and M.H. Wolpoff: Bottlenecks and Pleistocene Human Evolution. Molecular Biology and Evolution 17(1):2-22. http://www.molbiolevol.org/cgi/reprint/17/1/2.pdf

2001

Evolution Enough for Everyone, a Discover Dialogue. Discover 22(6):16. Comments on the article by M. Otte and J.K. Kozłowski. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 3(7):63-67. Is There a Phylogeny of Homo? Ludus Vitalis (Revista de Filosofía de las Ciencias de la Vida) 9(15):75-89. Reprinted in R. Gutiérrez Lombardo, J. Martínez Contreras and J. Luis Cortés (eds) 2003 Naturaleza Y Diversidad Humana: Estudios Evolucionistas. Centro es Estudios Filosóficos, Políticos y Sociales “Vicente Lombardo Toledano”, Coyoacán (Mexico). Pp. 309-372. Wolpoff, M.H., J.D. Hawks, D.W. Frayer, and K. Hunley: Modern Human Ancestry at the Peripheries: A Test of the Replacement Theory. Science 291:293-297. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/291/5502/293.pdf, reviewed in M. Balter (2001) Anthropologists duel over modern human origins. Science 291:1728-1729. Reprinted in R.J. Ciochon and J.G. Fleagle (eds) The Human Evolution Source Book. Advances in Human Evolution Series, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey (2006), pp. 609-614. Wolpoff M.H. and S-H. Lee: The Late Pleistocene Human Species of Israel. Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris 13(3-4):291-310. Caspari, R., and M.H. Wolpoff: Race, Culture, and Human Evolution. Fathom Knowledge Network web feature. http://www.fathom.com/story/story.jhtml?story_id=122207 Hawks, J.D., and M.H. Wolpoff: The Four Faces of Eve: Hypothesis Compatibility and Human Origins. Quaternary International 75(1):41-50. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6VGS-41V33N2-6-2&_udi=B6VGS-41V33N2-6&_cdi=6046&_orig=browse&-coverDate=01%2F31%2F2001&_sk=999249998&_acct=C000007678&_version=1&_userid=99318&md5=8f3d59ae998c1cfa56a55366b325e1a1&ie=f.pdf Hawks, J.D., and M.H. Wolpoff: Paleoanthropology and the Population Genetics of Ancient Genes. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 114(3):269-272. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext?ID=77004267&PLACEBO=IE.pdf Hawks, J.D., and M.H. Wolpoff: The Accretion Model of Neandertal Evolution. Evolution 55(7):1474-1485. http://evol.allenpress.com/evolonline/?request=get-pdf&file=i0014-3820-055-07-1474.pdf Reprinted in R.J. Ciochon and J.G. Fleagle (eds) The Human Evolution Source Book. Advances in Human Evolution Series, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey (2006), pp. 458-470. Kramer, A., T.L. Crummett, and M.H. Wolpoff: Out of Africa and into the Levant: Replacement or Admixture in Western Asia? Quaternary International 75(1):51-63. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6VGS-41V33N2-7-C&_udi=B6VGS-41V33N2-7&_cdi=6046&_orig=browse&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2001&-_sk=999249998&_acct=C000007678&_version=1&_userid=99318&md5=0fad531e51d26a54cc488a0b11f8ad1f&ie=f.pdf

2002

Comment on "A Diffusion Wave out of Africa", by Vinayak Eswaran. Current Anthropology 43(5):768-769. Wolpoff, M.H., and R. Caspari: Comment on “Grappling with the Ghost of Gould” by David P. Barash. Letter to the Editor, Human Nature Review 2:297. http://human-nature.com/nibbs/02/wolpoff.html Wolpoff, M.H., B. Senut, M. Pickford, and J. Hawks: Sahelanthropus or ‘Sahelpithecus’? Nature 419:581-582. http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v419/n6907/full/419581a_fs.html&content_filetype=pdf

2003

All in the Family? Letter to the editor, Natural History 112(2):12. What is Evolution? Evolutionary Anthropology 12(1):53-55. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext?ID=102531548&PLACEBO=IE.pdf Neandertal genetics. In J. Brůžek, B. Vandermeersch, and M. Dolores Garralda (eds): Changements Biologiques et Culturels en Europe de la Fin du Paléolithique Moyen au Néolithique. Hommage à Jan Jelínek. Repro Služby, Praha. Pp. 25-38. Comment on “Species Concepts, Reticulation, and Human Evolution,” by T.W. Holliday. Current Anthropology 44(5):666-667, 670-673 (references). Hawks, J.D., and M.H. Wolpoff: Sixty Years of Modern Human Origins in the American Anthropological Association. American Anthropologist 105(1):87-98. http://www.anthrosource.net.proxy.lib.umich.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1525/aa.2003.105.1.89 Lee, S-H., and M.H. Wolpoff: The Pattern of Evolution in Pleistocene Human Brain Size. Paleobiology 29(2):186-196. http://www.bioone.org/bioone/?request=get-pdf&file=i0094-8373-029-02-0186.pdf Thorne, A.G., and M.H. Wolpoff : The Multiregional Evolution of Humans, revised paper. In M. Fischetti (ed): New Look at Human Evolution. Scientific American 13(2):46-53.

2004

Opinion: Multiregional Origins of Modern Humans. In M.A. Jobling, M.E. Hurles, and C. Tyler-Smith: Human Evolutionary Genetics: Origins, Peoples, and Disease. Garland Science, New York. pp. 244-245. Wolpoff, M.H., B. Mannheim, A. Mann, J. Hawks, R. Caspari, K.R. Rosenberg, D.W. Frayer, G.W. Gill, and G.A. Clark: Why Not the Neandertals? World Archaeology 36(4):527-546. http://hermia.ingentaselect.com/vl=2194717/cl=49/nw=1/fm=docpdf/rpsv/cw/routledg/00438243/v36n4/s8/p527

2005

Multiregional Evolution. In C. Renfrew and P. Bahn (eds): Archaeology: The Key Concepts. Routledge, London. pp. 176-181. Wolpoff, M.H., and D.W. Frayer: Unique Ramus Anatomy for Neandertals? American Journal of Physical Anthropology 128(2):245-251. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/110438198/PDFSTART Caspari, R., and M.H. Wolpoff Origines et diversité. L’évolution multirégionale de l’espèce humaine. Krisis: Revue d’Idées et de Débats (Origine? ed. Alain de Benoist) 27:117-128. Jelinek, J., M.H. Wolpoff, and D.W. Frayer: Evolutionary Significance of the Quarry Cave Specimens from Mladeč. Anthropologie 43(2-3):199-211. Lee, S-H., and M.H. Wolpoff: Habiline Variation: A New Approach using STET. Theory in Biosciences 124(1):25-40. http://authors.elsevier.com/sd/article/S1431761305000224

2006

Rougier, H., I. Crevecoeur, and M.H. Wolpoff Lower Third Premolar Rotation in the Krapina Dental Sample. Periodicum Biologorum 108(3): Wolpoff, M.H., J. Hawks, B. Senut, M. Pickford, and J. Ahern: An Ape or The Ape: Is The Toumaï Cranium TM 266 a Hominid? PaleoAnthropology 2006:36-50.

External links

UMich.edu - Milford Wolpoff homepage, University of Michigan

UMich.edu - Milford H. Wolpoff personal page
UMich.edu - 'New study suggests big bang theory of human evolution' (January 10, 2000)

1942 births | Living people | American anthropologists | Paleoanthropologists