Middle Francia describes the realm created for Emperor Lothair I, wedged between East Francia and West Francia. The kingdom, which included the kingdom of Italy (the Lombards), Burgundy, Provence, and the west of Austrasia, was an unnatural creation of the Treaty of Verdun of 843, with no historical or ethnic identity to bind its varied peoples: Lombards, Gallo-Romans, Italians, Franks. The kingdom was split on Lothair's death into those of Lotharingia, Provence (with Burgundy divided between it and Lotharingia), and Italy.

Franks | Former countries in Europe | History of Italy | History of Germany | History of Switzerland | History of France

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