Characene

Characene also known as Mesene, was a kingdom within the Parthian empire at the head of the Persian Gulf. Its capital was Charax Spasinou 'The Fort of Hsypaosines.' The city was an important port in the trade from Mesopotamia to India, and provided port facilities for the great city of Susa, further up the Tigris River.

Characene was founded around 127 BC under Hsypaosines, and existed as an independent kingdom only for a short period before being conquered by the Parthians. Hyspaosines was originally a satrap installed by Antiochus IV Epiphanes.

After the Parthian conquest it remained a semi-autonomous country with its own kings. It disappeared as a separate kingdom with the fall of the Parthian empire.

Trajan, the Roman emperor, visited Charax in 116 AD, during his invasion of Parthia, and watched the ships leaving for India. He reportedly lamented the fact that he wasn't younger so that he could, like Alexander, have gone there himself.

The kings of Characene are mainly known by their coins, consisting mainly of silver tetradrachms with Greek and later Aramaic inscriptions. These coins are dated (following the Seleucid era) providing a secure framework for the chronological placements of the kings.

The kings of Characene:

Hyspaosines c. 127-124 BC
Apodakos c. 110/09-104/03 BC
Tiraios I 95/94-90/89 BC
Tiraios II 79/78-49/48 BC
Artabazos 49/48-48/47 BC
Attambelos I 47/46-25/24 BC
Theonesios I c. 19/18
Attambalos II c. 17/16 BC - AD 8/9
Abinergaos I 10/11; 22/23
Orabazes I c. 19
Attambalos III c. 37/38-44/45
Theonesios II c. 46/47
Theonesios III c. 52/53
Attambalos IV 54/55-64/65
Attambalos V 64/65-73/74
Orabazes II c. 73-80
Pakoros (II) 80-101/02
Attambalos VI c. 101/02-105/06
Theonesios IV c. 110/11-112/113
Attambalos VII 113/14-117
Meredates c. 131-150/51
Orabazes II c. 150/51-165
Abinergaios II (?) c. 165-180
Attambalos VIII c. 180-195
Maga (?) c. 195-210
Abinergaos III c. 210-222

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