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Ma`arat al-Numan (معرة النعمان in Arabic) is today a small western Syrian market town, located at the highway between Aleppo and Hama and near the Dead Cities of Bara and Serjilla. The town known as Arra to the Greeks and Marre to the crusaders has its present-day name combined of the traditional name and of its first Muslim governor Al Numan ibn Bashir, a companion of Mohammed.
Today the town has a museum with mosaics from the Dead Cities, a mosque with the minaret rebuilt after the 1170 earthquake, madrassa Abu al-Farawis from 1199 and remains of the medieval citadel. The town is also a birthplace of the poet Abu al-Ala al-Maari (973 - 1057).
Massacre of Marra
The most infamous event from the town's history dates from late 1098, during the First Crusade. After the Crusaders, led by Raymond de Saint Gilles and Bohemond of Taranto, successfully besieged Antioch they found themselves with insufficient supplies of food. Their raids on the surrounding countryside during the winter months did not help the situation. By December 12 when they reached Ma'arra, many of them were suffering from starvation and malnutrition. They managed to breach the town's walls and massacred about 20,000 inhabitants, as they often did when they captured a town. However, this time, as they could not find enough food, they resorted to cannibalism.
One of the crusader commanders wrote to Pope Urban II: "A terrible famine racked the army in Ma'arra, and placed it in the cruel necessity of feeding itself upon the bodies of the Saracens."
Radulph of Caen, another chronicler, wrote: "In Ma'arra our troops boiled pagan adults alive in cooking-pots; they impaled children on spits and devoured them grilled."
Those events had a strong impact on the local inhabitants of Middle East. The crusaders already had a reputation for cruelty and barbarism towards Muslims, Jews and even Orthodox Christians (the Crusades began shortly after the Great Schism of 1054). Crusaders are still referred as "cannibals" in many Middle Eastern languages and even centuries later their image as fanatical cannibals was alive in Arabic literature. Many authors suggest that the crusaders' behaviour was not really born of their hunger but fanatical belief that the Muslims were even lower than the animals. Amin Maalouf in his book The Crusades through Arab Eyes points out the most crucial line for such belief among the Muslims: "Not only did our troops not shrink from eating dead Turks and Saracens; they also ate dogs!" by Albert of Aix.
External links
- The Cannibals of Ma`arra at Utah Indymedia
- Encyclopedia of the Orient
Further reading
- Amin Maalouf, The Crusades through Arab Eyes. Schocken, 1989, ISBN 0805208984
"Ma'arrat al-Numan"