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The VIC-II (Video Interface Chip II), specifically known as the MOS Technology 6567/8562/8564 (NTSC versions), 6569/8565/8566 (PAL), is the microchip tasked with generating Y/C/composite video graphics and DRAM refresh signals in the Commodore 64 and C128 home computers.

Succeeding MOS's original VIC (used in the VIC-20), the VIC-II was one of the two chips mainly responsible for the C64's success as the best-selling computer model of all time (the other chip being the 6581 SID).

Development history

The VIC-II chip was designed by primarily Al Charpentier and Charles Winterble at MOS Technology as a successor to the MOS Technology VIC (6560). The team at MOS Technology had previously failed to produce two graphics chips named MOS Technology 6562 for the Commodore TOI computer, and MOS Technology 6564 for the Color PET, much due to memory speed constraints.

In order to construct the VIC-II, Charpentier and Winterble made a market survey of current home computers and video games, listing up the current features, and what features they wanted to have in the VIC-II. The idea of adding sprites came from the Texas Instruments TI-99/4A computer and its TMS9918 graphics coprocessor. About 3/4 of the chip surface is used for the sprite functionality.

The chip was partly laid out using electronic design automation tools from Applicon (nowadays a part of UGS Corp.), partly laid out manually on vellum paper. The design was partly debugged by fabricating chips containing small subsets of the design, which could then be tested separately. This was easy since MOS Technology had both its design workshops and manufacturing plant at the same location.

The work on the VIC-II was done in the latter half of 1981 while Robert Yannes was simultaneously working on the SID chip. Both chips, like the Commodore 64, were finished in time for the Consumer Electronics Show in the first weekend of January 1982.

VIC-II features

  • 16 KB address space for screen, character and sprite memory
  • 320 × 200 pixels video resolution (160 × 200 in multi-color mode)
  • 40 × 25 characters text resolution
  • three character display modes and two bitmap modes
  • 16 colors
  • concurrent handling of 8 sprites per scanline, each of 24 × 21 pixels (12 × 21 multicolor)
  • raster interrupt (see details, below)
  • smooth scrolling
  • independent dynamic RAM refresh
  • bus mastering for a 6502-style system bus; CPU and VIC-II accessing the bus during alternating half-clock cycles (the VIC-II will halt the CPU when it needs extra cycles)

Technical details

Programming

The VIC-II was programmed by manipulating its 47 control registers (up from 16 in the VIC), memory mapped to the range $D000–$D02E in the C64 address space. Of all these registers, 34 dealt exclusively with sprite control (sprites being called MOBs, from Movable Object Blocks, in the VIC-II documentation). Like its predecessor, the VIC-II handled light pen input, and, with help from the C64s standard character ROM, provided the original PETSCII character set from 1977 on a similarly dimensioned display as the 40-column PET series, allowing some degree of PET BASIC program emulation on the C64.

By reloading the VIC-II's control registers via machine code hooked into the raster interrupt routine (the scanline interrupt), one could program the chip to generate significantly more than 8 concurrent sprites (a process known as sprite multiplexing), and generally give every program-defined slice of the screen different scrolling, resolution and color properties. The hardware limitation of 8 sprites per scanline could be increased further by letting the sprites flicker rapidly on and off. Mastery of the raster interrupt was essential in order to unleash the VIC-II's capabilities. Many demos and some later games would establish a fixed "lock-step" between the CPU and the VIC-II so that the VIC registers could be manipulated at exactly the right moment.

Colors

In multicolor bitmap mode (160×200 pixels, which most games used) characters had 4×8 pixels (the characters were still square since the pixels were double width) and 4 colors out of 16 colors. The 4th color was the same for the entire screen (the background color), while the other 3 could be set individually for every such 4×8 pixel area. Two colors were loaded from the active text screen, and the third was loaded from color RAM. Sprites in multicolor mode (12×21 pixels) had three colors: two shared among all sprites and one individual. The artist had to pick shared colors such that the combination with individual colors lead to a colorful impression. Some games reloaded shared colors during the raster interrupt; for example, the game Turrican II 's underwater area (which was vertically distinct) had different colors. Others, such as Epyx's Summer Games and COMPUTE!'s Gazette's Basketball Sam & Ed, overlaid two high-resolution sprites to allow two foreground colors to be used without sacrificing horizontal resolution *. Of course, this technique reduced the number of available sprites by half.

On PAL C64s, the PAL delay line in the monitor or TV which averages the color hue, but not the brightness, of consecutive screen lines can be (ab)used to create seven nonstandard colors by alternating screen lines showing two colors of identical brightness. There are seven such pairs of colors in the VIC chip.

The C64's 16 color palette was for the most part not chosen by some mathematical method, but rather by trial and error, until the design team thought they had a palette that looked nice.

The VIC-II E

The 8564/8566 VIC-II E in the Commodore 128 used 48 pins and had two extra registers, one for accessing the added numerical keypad and other extra keys of that computer, and the other for toggling between a 1 MHz and a 2 MHz system clock; at the higher speed the VIC-II's composite video output was disabled, suggesting use of the C128's 80-column mode at that speed (via the 8563 VDC RGB chip). Rather unofficially, the two extra registers were also available in the C128's C64 mode, permitting some use of the extra keys, as well as double-speed-no-video execution of CPU-bound code (i.e. numerical calculations) in self made C64 programs.

List of VIC-II versions

  • PAL
    • MOS Technology 6569 – (PAL-B)
    • MOS Technology 6572 – (PAL-N)
    • MOS Technology 6573 – (PAL-M)
    • MOS Technology 8565 – HMOS-II version for "C64E" motherboards
    • MOS Technology 8566 – VIC-II E (PAL-B) C128 version
    • MOS Technology 8569 – VIC-II E (PAL-N) C128 version

  • NTSC
    • MOS Technology 6566 – designed for SRAM/non-muxed address lines (used in the Commodore MAX Machine)
    • MOS Technology 6567 – Original NMOS version
    • MOS Technology 8562 – HMOS-II version
    • MOS Technology 8564 – VIC-II E C128 version

References

  • Appendix N, "6566/6567 (VIC-II) Chip Specifications", of the Commodore 64 Programmer's Reference Guide (see the C64 article).
  • Bagnall, Brian: On The Edge: The Spectacular Rise and Fall of Commodore, pp.228–231. ISBN 0973864907.

External links

Graphics chips | Commodore 64

MOS Technologies VIC II | MOS Technology VIC-II | VIC-II

 

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the "MOS Technology VIC-II".

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