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The Lua (pronounced LOO-ah, or in IPA) programming language is a lightweight, reflective, imperative and procedural language, designed as a scripting language with extensible semantics as a primary goal. The name is derived from the Portuguese word for moon.

Philosophy

Lua is commonly described as a "multi-paradigm" language, providing a small set of general features that can be extended to fit different problem types, rather than providing a more complex and rigid specification to match a single paradigm. Lua, for instance, does not contain explicit support for inheritance, but allows it to be implemented relatively easily with metatables. Similarly, Lua allows programmers to implement namespaces, classes, and other related features using its single table implementation; first class functions allow the employment of many powerful techniques from functional programming; and full lexical scoping allows fine-grained information hiding to enforce the principle of least privilege.

In general, Lua strives to provide flexible meta-features that can be extended as needed, rather than supply a feature-set specific to one programming paradigm. As a result, the base language is light—in fact, the full reference interpreter is only about 150KB compiled—and easily adaptable to a broad range of applications.

History

Lua was created in 1993 by Roberto Ierusalimschy, Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo, and Waldemar Celes, members of the Computer Graphics Technology Group at PUC-Rio, the Pontifical University of Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil. Versions of Lua prior to version 5.0 were released under a license similar to the BSD license. From version 5.0 onwards, Lua has been licensed under the MIT License.

Lua has been used in many commercial applications, such as World of Warcraft and Adobe Lightroom, as well as non-commercial applications, such as Angband and its variants. (See the Applications section for a more detailed list.) A ported version of Lua has been used to program homebrew for the Playstation Portable and then Nintendo DS. Some of its closest relatives include Icon for its design and Python for its ease of use by non-programmers.

Features

Lua is a dynamically typed language intended for use as an extension or scripting language, and is compact enough to fit on a variety of host platforms. It supports only a small number of atomic data structures such as boolean values, numbers (double-precision floating point by default), and strings. Typical data structures such as arrays, sets, hash tables, lists, and records can be represented using Lua's single native data structure, the table, which is essentially a heterogeneous map.

Lua has no built-in support for namespaces and object-oriented programing. Instead, metatable and metamethods are used to extend the language to support both programing paradigms in an elegant and straight-forward manner.

Lua implements a small set of advanced features such as higher-order functions, garbage collection, first-class functions, closures, proper tail calls, coercion (automatic conversion between string and number values at run time), coroutines (collaborative multithreading) and dynamic module loading.

By including only a minimum set of data types, Lua attempts to strike a balance between power and size.

Example code

The classic hello world program can be written as follows:

print "Hello, world!"

The factorial is an example of a recursive function:

function factorial(n) if n == 0 then return 1 end return n * factorial(n - 1) end

Lua's treatment of functions as first class variables is shown in the following example, where the print function's behavior is modified:

do local oldprint = print -- store current print function as old print print = function(s) -- redefine print function if s == "foo" then oldprint("bar") else oldprint(s) end end end

Any future calls to "print" will now be routed through the new function, and thanks to Lua's lexical scoping, the old print function will only be accessible by the new, modified print.

Extensible semantics is a key feature of Lua, and the "metatable" concept allows Lua's tables to be customized in powerful and unique ways. The following example demonstrates an "infinite" table. For any n, fibs* will give the nth Fibonacci number using dynamic programming.

fibs = { 1, 1 } -- Initial values for fibsand fibs[2. setmetatable(fibs, { -- Give fibs some magic behavior. __index = function(fibs,n) -- Call this function if fibs* does not exist. fibs= fibs*" target="_blank" > -- Calculate and memoize fibs[n. return fibs* end })

Tables

Tables are the most important data structure in Lua, and are the foundation of all user-created types.

The table is a collection of key and data pairs (known also as hashed heterogeneous associative array), where the data is referenced by key. The key (index) can be of any data type except nil.

Table as structure
Tables are often used as structures (or objects) by using strings as keys. Because such use is very common, Lua features a special syntax for accessing such fields. Example: point = { x = 10, y = 20 } -- Create new table print( point* ) -- Prints 10 print( point.x ) -- Has exactly the same meaning as line above

Table as array
By using a numerical key, the table resembles an array data type.

A simple array of the strings: array = { "a", "b", "c", "d" } -- Indexes are assigned automatically print( array* ) -- Prints "b" An array of objects: function Point(x,y) -- "Point" object constructor return {x = x, y = y} -- Creates and returns a new object (table) end array = { Point(10,20), Point(30,40), Point(50,60) } -- Creates array of points print( array*.y ) -- Prints 40

Object-oriented programming

Although Lua does not have a built-in concept of classes and objects, the language is powerful enough to easily implement them using two language features: first-class functions and tables. By simply placing functions and related data into a table, an object is formed. Inheritance (both single and multiple) can be implemented via the "metatable" mechanism, telling the object to lookup nonexistent methods and field in parent object(s).

Note that there is no such concept as "class" with these techniques, rather "prototypes" are used as in Self programming language. New objects are created either with a factory method (that constructs new objects from scratch) or by cloning an existing object.

Internals

Lua programs are not interpreted directly, but are compiled to bytecode which is then run on the Lua virtual machine. The compilation process is typically transparent to the user and is performed during run-time, but it can be done offline in order to increase performance or reduce the memory footprint of the host environment by leaving out the compiler.

There is also a third-party just-in-time Lua run-time, called LuaJIT, for the new 5.1 version.

This example is the bytecode listing of the factorial function described above (in Lua 5.0):

function (10 instructions, 40 bytes at 00326DA0) 1 param, 3 stacks, 0 upvalues, 1 local, 3 constants, 0 functions 1 * EQ 0 0 250 ; compare value to 0 2 * JMP 0 2 ; to line 5 3 * LOADK 1 1 ; 1 4 * RETURN 1 2 0 5 * GETGLOBAL 1 2 ; fact 6 * SUB 2 0 251 ; - 1 7 * CALL 1 2 2 8 * MUL 1 0 1 9 * RETURN 1 2 0 10 * RETURN 0 1 0

Applications

Lua, as a compiled binary, is incredibly small by code standards. Coupled with its relatively fast speed, and its very lenient license, it has gained a following among game developers for providing a viable scripting interface.

Examples of Lua in gaming applications:

  • World of Warcraft, a fantasy MMORPG, Lua is used to allow users to customize its user interface, character animation and world appearance.

  • Far Cry, a first-person shooter. Lua is used to script a substantial chunk of the game logic, manage game objects (Entity system), configure the HUD and store other configuration information.

  • MDK2, Lua is used as a module scripting language.

  • Ragnarok Online recently had a Lua implementation, allowing players to fully customize their homunculus to their liking, provided that they have an Alchemist to summon one.

  • Escape From Monkey Island, the Lucasarts adventure game, was the first in the Monkey Island series to switch to the Lua language.

Lua has uses beyond gaming, of course. Examples of Lua in non-gaming applications:

  • Therescript, used to drive the vehicles and animations in There, is Lua plus some application-specific functions.

  • The Aegisub subtitles manipulation program uses Lua in its automation module, to generate advanced effects, such as karaoke.

  • In the Klango Environment, Lua is used as a programming language for developing audio games and applications, a software dedicated to the blind and visually impaired. (external link)

  • Adobe Lightroom, a beta digital photography post-production program, contains a large amount (40%) of Lua code.

A list of projects known to use Lua is located at Lua.org.

Books

External links

Lua programming language | Programming languages | Scripting languages

Lua | Lua | Lua | Lua | Lua (linguaxe de programación) | Lua | 루아 프로그래밍 언어 | Lua | Lua (linguagem de programação) | Lua | Lua | Lua

 

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the "Lua programming language".

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