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In political geography, an enclave is a piece of land which is totally surrounded by a foreign territory, and an exclave is one which is politically attached to a larger piece but not actually continuous with it. Many entities are both enclaves and exclaves, but the two are not synonymous. See Enclave and exclave for a more detailed definition of Enclave and Exclave.

Enclaves which are also exclaves

  • West Berlin, before the reunification of Germany, was de facto a West German exclave, enclaved by East Germany. Many small West Berlin land areas, such as Steinstücken, were in turn separated from the main body of West Berlin, some by only a few meters. De jure all of Berlin was ruled by the four Allied powers; this meant that West Berlin could not send voting members to the German Parliament, and that its citizens were exempt from conscription.
  • The town of Baarle () in the southern Netherlands is made up of the municipality of Baarle-Hertog, a group of 22 Belgian enclaves within the Netherlands; and of the Dutch municipality of Baarle-Nassau, which itself has one enclave in the main body of Belgium and 7 counter-enclaves inside two of the Belgian enclaves.
  • Büsingen, Germany () is an exclave in the canton of Schaffhausen, northern Switzerland. Germany also has a group of 5 enclaves created by a railway track between the towns of Roetgen and Monschau (south of Aachen) that was granted Belgian sovereignty.
  • The town of Campione, in Italy (), is enclaved in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland, although in practice it is administered as part of Switzerland. It is part of Swiss customs, uses the Swiss Franc, and its inhabitants don't have to pay any income tax to Italy, but it is under Italian sovereignty.
  • The Spanish town of Llívia (), an exclave in southern France near Font-Romeu, a few kilometers east of the Principality of Andorra.
  • In the eastern part of Belarus, the Russian exclave of San'kovo-Medvezh'e () is made up of two villages.
  • Lithuania has a small exclave () near the Belarusan village of Konvelishki.
  • The villages of Ormidhia and Xylotymvou in Cyprus (), surrounded by the British Sovereign Base Area of Dhekelia. Inside this base, the Dhekalia Power Station also belongs to Cyprus although it's surrounded by British land and is even divided in two by a British road.
  • In Armenia, there exist three exclaves of Azerbaijan. Barxudarli () and Yuxari Askipara () in north-eastern Armenia. The other one, Karki (Kerki, ), is located north of the region of Nakhchivan (which is a detached fragment of Azerbaijan stuck between Armenia, Iran and Turkey).
  • Reciprocally, there exists one Armenian exclave, a village called Artsvashen in north-western Azerbaijan ().
  • Madha () is an Omani territory enclaved in the United Arab Emirates which in turn hosts the tiny territory of Nahwa, an UAE enclave within Madha.
  • On the India-Bangladesh border in the Indian district of Cooch-Behar, there are 92 exclaves of Bangladesh, with a total area of 47.7 km2. Similarly, there are 106 exclaves of India inside Bangladesh, with a total area of 69.5 km2. 21 of the Bangladeshi exclaves are within Indian exclaves. 3 of the Indian exclaves are within Bangladeshi exclaves. The largest Indian exclave, Balapara Khagrabari, surrounds a Bangladeshi exclave, Upanchowki Bhajni, which itself surrounds an Indian exclave called Dahala Khagrabari, of less than one hectare.
  • The Fergana Valley, a region where Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan meet, has a large number of enclaves. Barak, a small Kyrgyz village is surrounded by Uzbekistan. The Tajik village of Sarvan is in Uzbek territory and the Tajik village of Vorukh () and a small piece of land near Kairagach are embodied in Kyrgyz land. The Uzbek towns of Sokh () and Shakhimardan and the two tiny Uzbek territories of Qalacha and Khalmion, north of Sokh are all surrounded by Kyrgyz territory.
  • Mount Scopus was a true enclave of Israeli territory within East Jerusalem between 1949 and 1967. Israel has controlled the whole of Jerusalem since 1967, but the exact status of East Jerusalem is disputed so it may still be considered an enclave.
  • The Malawian islands of Chizumulu Island and Likoma Island are located within Mozambican territorial waters in Lake Nyasa.
  • The Argentine island of Isla Martin Garcia () is surrounded by Uruguayan territorial waters of the Río de la Plata.
  • The French islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon are surrounded by Canadian territorial waters.

Subnational enclaves which are also exclaves

Enclaves which are not exclaves

Some enclaves are sovereign states, completely surrounded by another one, and therefore not exclaves. Three such sovereign countries exist: See also List of countries that border only one other country.

Subnational enclaves which are not exclaves

Exclaves which are not enclaves

Subnational exclaves which are not enclaves

"Practical" enclaves and exclaves

Subnational "practical" enclaves and exclaves

Inaccessible districts

  • The Austrian municipality of Jungholz is surrounded by German territory virtually everywhere, except at one point: the top of a mountain.
  • The Kleinwalsertal, a valley part of Vorarlberg, Austria, can be reached by road from Oberstdorf, Germany, only.
  • The Swiss village of Samnaun could initially only be reached by road from Austria. Thus in 1892 the village was excluded from the Swiss customs territory. The exemption was maintained even when in 1907-1912 a road was built to the Engadin valley.
  • For similar reasons the Italian Livigno valley near the Swiss border is excluded from EU VAT area.
  • Some villages in eastern Estonia can only be reached by a road which ventures inside Russian territory. One can drive on the road without any visa, but it is forbidden to stop before coming back to Estonia.
  • Several farms on the border between Denmark and Germany.
  • The village of Lutepää in eastern Estonia, reached by road only by traversing Russian territory.
  • The western-most region of County Monaghan in the Republic of Ireland contains a pene-enclave jutting into County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland (United Kingdom).
  • A valley, which includes five villages, called Macahel in northeast of Turkey can only be reached by road via Batumi in Georgia by vehicles, and as the snow shuts the paths which are completely within the borders of Turkey in winter, the road via Batumi is the only way for getting there.
  • In the United States of America:
    • The Alaska Panhandle, though connected geographically, is inaccessible by road from the rest of the state. One must drive through Canada to reach the area from elsewhere in the state.
    • Hyder, Alaska, itself being located in a state that is an exclave of the United States, is in a location where because of mountains and rugged terrain, it can only be reached by road from the adjacent community of Stewart, British Columbia in Canada, thus it could be considered a practical enclave from both the U.S. mainland and from the rest of state of Alaska.
  • The Campobello Island in New Brunswick, Canada, can only be reached by road through a bridge linking the island to the U.S. state of Maine.

Subnational inaccessible districts

Historic enclaves/exclaves

Political geography | Enclaves | Exclaves

Liste_der_Enklaven_und_Exklaven

 

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the "List of enclaves and exclaves".

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