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The following is a list of Proto-Indo-European roots, given with their basic meaning and notable cognates in Indo-European languages.

Note that only roots are listed here; see also Proto-Indo-European pronouns and particles and Proto-Indo-European numerals.

b

RootMeaningDerivatives
staff Gk. baktēria, Lat. baculum, Ir. bacc/bac, Welsh bach, Lith. bakstelėti, Ltv. bakstīt
power, strength Skr. bala, Gk. beltiōn, Ir. adbal/dibeal, Welsh balch, Russ. bol'šoj, Kamviri bâlim, Phryg. balaios, Low German pal, OCS boljĭjĭ, Lat. dēbĭlis

bʰ

RootMeaningDerivatives
bean Old Prussian babo, Russ. bob, Polish bób, Alb. bathë, Gm. bona/Bohne, Eng. bēan/bean, Welsh ffâen, ON baun, Lat. faba
spelt Phryg. brisa, Eng. bærlic/barley, Oscan far, Umbrian far, Lat. farina, Welsh bara, Goth. barizīns, ON barr, OCS brašĭno
beard Lith. barzda, Ltv. bārda, Eng. beard/beard, Gm. bart/Bart, Welsh barf, Polish broda, ON barðr, Crimean Gothic Bars
beech Gm. buohha/Buche, Lat. fāgus, Gk. phugos, Eng. bēce/beech, ON bók, Gaul. Bāgācon, Russ. buzina, Polish buk
bee Eng. bēo/bee, Lith. bitė, Ltv. bite, Ir. bech/bech, Russ. pčela, Gm. bīa/Biene, Polish pszczoła, Alb. bletë, Old Prussian bitte, Welsh begegyr, Gaul. bekos, ON bý, OCS bŭčela, Lat. fūcus
light, bright Russ. bely, Gaul. Belenos, Lith. blagnytis; baltas, Ltv. balts, Skr. bharga;bhālam, Phryg. falos, Alb. ballë, Illyr. balta, Arm. bal/pal, Gk. phlegein; phalos, ON bāl; blár; bleikr, Russ. belyj, Polish biały, Eng. blæcern/; blcan/bleach; blwen/, Gm. blecken/blecken; bleich/bleich; blāo/blau, Goth. bala, Ir. beltene/bealtaine; blár/, Welsh bal; blawr, Thrac. balios, Old Prussian ballo, Lat. flagrāre; flāvus, Oscan Flagiúi;Flaviies, Toch. pälk/pälk
to bloom Lat. folium; flos, Gk. phullon, Eng. blōstm/blossom, Ir. bláth/, Gm. bluomo/Blume, ON blómi, Toch. pält/pilta, Welsh blawd, Goth. blōma, Oscan Fluusaí
thick Gm. bungo/, Ltv. biezs, Toch. /pkante, Hitt. panku, Gk. pakhus/, Skr. bahu, Av. bązah, ON bingr
brown, shining Ltv. bērs; bebrs, Lith. bėras; bebras, Old Prussian bebrus, Gaul. Bibrax, Welsh befer, Eng. brūn/brown; bera/bear; beofer/beaver, Gm. brūn/braun; bero/Bär; bibar/Biber, ON brúnn; bjrn; bjórr, Skr. bhallas; babhrus, Av. bawra, Lat. fiber, Polish bóbr, Russ. bobr, Toch. parno/perne; parä/perne
to bear / carry Skr. bharati, Av. baraiti, Russ. beru, Ir. berim/beirim, Welsh cymmeryd, Arm. berel/perel, Alb. bie, Gk. pherō, Lat. fero, Umbrian fertu, Eng. beran/bear, Gm. burde/Burde, Toch. pär/pär, Lith. baras, Ltv. bars, Kamviri bor, Phryg. ber, Goth. bairan, ON bera, OCS ber, Pers. baratuv/bār, Polish brać
to boil Alb. burmë, Gaul. Voberā, Ir. bréo/, Welsh beru, Eng. brþ/breath, Gm. brādam/Brodem, ON bráðr, Gk. phurdēn-migdēn, Skr. bhurati
lively Russ. borzoj, Lith. bruzdu, Gaul. brys, Ir. bras/, Polish bardzo, OCS brŭzŭ, Lat. festīnō
fort Russ. bereg, Eng. burg/borough, Arm. bardzut'iun/partsut'iun, Skr. barhayati, Av. bərəzant, Gaul. Bergusia, Gm. berg/Burg, Hitt. parku, Toch. pärk/pärk, Welsh bre, Thrac. bergas, Goth. baírgahī, ON bjarg; borg, Pers. /burj, Ir. brí/, Alb. burg, Illyr. Berginium, XMK Berga, Welsh bera, Lyc. prije;pruwa, Lat. fortis
to hide, protect OCS brĕgą, Russ. bereč', Eng. byrgan/bury, ON bjarga, Goth. bairgan, Gm. bergan/bergen
to wake, rise up Skr. bodhati; buddha, Lith. budinti, Ltv. budīt, Old Prussian budē, Av. buiðyeiti, Ir. buide/buidhe, Welsh bodd, ON bjóða; boð, Gk. pepusmai/, Eng. bēodan/bid; bodian/bode, Kamviri bidi, Russ. budit', Polish budzić, OCS bljudo, Gm. biotan/bieten; gibot/Gebot, Goth. anabiudan, Pers. /bēdār-šudan
to appear, become, rise up Skr. bhū; bhavati, Lith. būti, Ltv. būt, Old Prussian būton, Russ. byt', Ir. buith/beith, Eng. beon/be, Gm. bim/bin, Kamviri bu, Polish być, Welsh bod, Gk. phuomai, Old Prussian būton, Oscan fiiet, Umbrian fust, Pers. būmī/bum, Av. bavaiti, Alb. buj, Arm. bois/pois, Illyr. Bumi, Thrac. Kasibounon, Goth. bauan, Gaul. Vindobios, Toch. pyotk/pyautk, ON búa, OCS byti, Lat. fuī
to bleat Alb. blegë, Lith. bliauti, Ltv. blēt, Eng. bltan/bleat, Gk. belazō, Russ. blejat', Lat. fleō
to shine Ltv. bližģēt, Lith. blaikštytis, Eng. blīcan/, Gm. blīhhan/Blech, ON blíkja, Russ. blesk, OCS bliskŭ
naked Russ. bosoj, Lith. basas, Ltv. bass, Arm. bok/pog, Eng. bær/bare, ON berr, Goth. bazis, Gk. psilos, Polish boso, Gm. bar/bar, OCS bosŭ
to wade Alb. bredh, Ltv. brist; bridu, Lith. bristi; bredu, Russ. bredu, Polish brnąć, Thrac. Bredai
beam, bridge Gaul. brīva, Eng. brycg/bridge, Gm. brugga/Brücke, ON brú, Russ. brevno, Polish birzwno, OCS brĭvŭno
brow Skr. bhrus, Lith. bruvis, Ir. bru/bruach, Eng. brū/brow, Russ. brov', XMK abroutes, Gk. ophrus, Gm. /Braue, Toch. pärwā/pärwāne, Old Prussian wubri, Polish brew, OCS bruvi, ON brún, Pers. /abru
brother Arm. ełbayr/yeġbayr/yeġpayr, Eng. brōþor/brother, Kashmiri boy, Umbrian fratrom, Gk. phrātēr, Toch. pracer/procer, Kamviri bo, Russ. brat, Gm. bruoder/Bruder, Welsh brawd, Skr. bhrāt, Ir. bráthir/bráthair, Lith. brolis, Ltv. brālis, Gaul. brātir, Pers. brātar/barādar, Phryg. brater, Illyr. bra, Goth. brōþar, ON bróðir, Old Prussian brāti, OCS bratrŭ, Osset. ærvad/, Av. brātar, Oscan fratrúm, Polish brat, Venetic vhraterei, Lyd. brafr-, Kurd. bra, Lat. frāter
bottom Skr. budhna, Av. bŭnō, Arm. bun/pun, Ir. bond/bonn, Gk. puthmēn, Lat. fundus, Gm. bodam/boden, Eng. botm/bottom, ON botn, Welsh bôn, Pers. /bun
goat Av. būza. Pers. /buz, Arm. buz/puz, Ir. bocc/boc, Welsh bwch, ON bukkr, Eng. buc/buck, Gm. boc/Bock
birch Russ. bereza, Polish brzoza, Lith. beržas, Ltv. bērzs, Osset. bärz, Skr. bhūrjas, Gm. birihha/Birke, ON bjrk, Old Prussian berse, Eng. birce/birch, Thrac. berzas, OCS breza, Lat. frāxinus

d

RootMeaningDerivatives
to bind Alb. duaj, Gk. desmos, Skr. dyati, Av. nīdyātąm
husband's brother Skr. devar, Russ. dever', Polish dziewierz, Lith. dieveris, Ltv. dieveris, Gm. zeihhur/--, Eng. tācor/--, Gk. dāēr/, Arm. taygr/daykr, OCS dĕverĭ, Kurd. diš/héwer
to give Russ. dat', Arm. tal/dal, Lith. duoti, Ltv. dot; deva, Skr. dā;dadāti, Av. dadāiti, Osset. daettyn, Alb. dhashë, Gk. didō, Kashmiri dyūn, Polish dać, Phryg. dadón, Old Prussian dātwei, Lat. dare, Oscan dede, Umbrian dadad, Ir. dán/, Welsh dawn, Hitt. dā, Lyc. da, Luw. da-, Lyd. da-, Gaul. doenti, OCS dati, Pers. dadātuv/dādan
to domesticate, tame Skr. dāmyati, Gk. damnanai, Ir. damnaim/, Hitt. damaašzi, Av. dam, Lat. domāre, Eng. tam/tame, Gm. zemmen/zähmen, Goth. gatamjan, ON temja, Osset. domun, Pers. /dām, Welsh addef
to lead Alb. nduk, Eng. tow/togian, Gm. ziohan/ziehen, Goth. tiuhan, ON toginn, Gk. adeukēs/, Lat. dūcō
right (direction) Gaul. Dexsiva, Lat. dexter, Umbrian destrame, Lith. dešinė, Av. dašina, Alb. djathtë, Gm. zeso/, Welsh deheu, Oscan destrst, Gk. deksios, Skr. dakina, Goth. taíhswa, Ir. dech/, Toch. täk/, OCS desnaya; desnŭ, Russ. desnica, Kashmiri dchūn
yesterday Eng. geostran/yesterday, Alb. dje, Skr. hyas, Av. zyō, Pers. diyaka/dīg, Gk. khthes, Lat. herī, Welsh ddoe, Ir. indhé/an(d)é, Goth. gistradagis, ON í gǽr, Gm. gesteron/gestern
to engage oneself Ir. dliged/dlígheadh, Welsh dyled, Eng. plegian/play; pliht/plight, Gm. pflegan/pflegen; pfliht/Pflicht, Lat. indulgēre; plevium, Russ. dolg, Polish dług, OCS dlŭgŭ
long Hitt. dalugaes, Russ. dolgij, Lith. ilgas, Ltv. ilgs, Skr. dīrgha, Av. darəga, Welsh dala, Lat. longus, Gaul. Loggostalētes, Pers. darga/derāz, Eng. lang/long; lencten/lent, Gm. lang/lang, ON langr, Goth. laggs, Alb. gjatë, Gk. dolikhos, Old Prussian ilgi, Ir. long/, OCS dlŭgŭ, Polish długi, Welsh dal, Ksahmiri dūr
tongue Lat. lingua, Ir. tenge/teanga, Eng. tunge/tongue, Goth. tuggo, ON tunga, Skr. jihvā, Av. hizvā, Russ. jazyk, Lith. liežuvis, Arm. lezu, Gm. zunga/Zunge, Welsh tafod, Kamviri dic, Pers. hizbāna/zabān, Old Prussian insuwis, Toch. käntu/kantwo
house Skr. dama, Av. dąm, Gk. domos, Lat. domus, Russ. dom, Polish dom, Eng. timber/timber, Gm. zimbar/Zimmer, ON timbr, (Kamviri?,) Umbrian dâmoa, Arm. tun/dun, Lith. namas, Ltv. nams, Welsh tŷ, Toch. tam/täm
forearm Skr. donas, Av. daoš, Ir. doít/doíd, Lith. dilbis, Ltv. paduse, Russ. pazuxa, Pers. /doš
to run Skr. drāti, Gk. apodrasis; dromos, Illyr. Dravos, Lith. drebėti, Gm. /Trappel, Goth. anatrimpan, Av. draonah
to sleep Russ. dremat', Skr. drāyati, Gk. darthanō/, Lat. dormiō, Arm. tartam/dardam, Polish drzemać, OCS dremlju
to fail Skr. duyati, Av. duš, Gk. deō, Ir. do-/, Arm. t-/d-, Goth. tuz-, ON tjón, Eng. tēona/, Gm. zur-/, OCS dŭždĭ, Russ. dožd', Polish deszcz
two Arm. erku/yerku/yergu, Alb. dy/dy, Lith. du/dvi, Ltv. divi, Gaul. vo, Gm. zwene/zwei, Eng. twā/two, Gk. duō, Av. duua, Hitt. dā-, Ir. dá/dó, Kashmiri zū', Lyc. tuwa, Kamviri dü, Lat. duo, Oscan dus, ON tveir, Old Prussian dwāi, Osset. dyuuæ/duuæ, Pers. duva/do, OCS dŭva, Polish dwa, Russ. dva, Skr. dva, Toch. wu/wi, Umbrian tuf, Goth. twai, Welsh dau
tear
(drop from eye) 		Gk. dakru, Gm. zahar/Zähre, Eng. tēar/tear, Skr. aśru, Old Lat. decrimare, Lat. lacrĭma, Lith. ašara, Ltv. asara, Welsh deigryn, Ir. dér/déar, Toch. ākär/akrūna, Goth. tagr, ON tár, Arm. arc'unk', Av. asrūazan
day Arm. tiv/div, Russ. den', Ir. denus/, Lith. diena, Ltv. diena, Skr. dinam, Lat. diēs, Alb. gdhin, Welsh dydd, Polish dzień, Ir. día/dia, Goth. sintīns, Old Prussian deinan, Eng. lencten/lent, Gm. lenzo/Lenz
god, i.e. 'shining' Skr. deva, Av. daēva, Lat. deus, Lith. dievas, Ltv. dievs, Old Prussian deiws, Oscan diúveí, Umbrian di, Gaul. Dēvona, Gk. theos-Zeus, Phryg. tios, Russ. divo, Polish dziw, Kamviri di, Eng. Tiw/Tuesday, Gm. Ziu/--, ON Týr, Goth. Tyz, Welsh duw, Ir. día/día, Lyc. ziw, Luw. tiwat-, Lyd. Divi-, Palaic tiyaz, Arm. tiv/--/--
ten Arm. tasn/tas/dasĕ, Alb. dhjetë/dhetë, Lith. dešimt, Ltv. desmit, Gaul. decam, Gm. zēhen/zehn, Dacian dece-, Eng. tīen/ten, Gk. deka, Av. dasa, Ir. deich/deich, Kashmiri da.h, Kamviri duc, Lat. decem, Oscan deken, ON tíu, Old Prussian desīmtan, Osset. dæs/dæs, Pers. daθa/dah, OCS desętĭ, Polish dziesięć, Russ. desjat', Skr. daśa, Toch. śäk/śak, Umbrian desem, Goth. taihun, Welsh deg
tree Arm. ca/dza, Lith. derva, Ltv. dreve, Gaul. Dervus, Russ. derevo, Eng. trēow/tree, Hitt. taru, Luw. tarweja-, Gk. drus, Lat. durus, Alb. dru/drû, Ir. derucc/, Toch. or, Kamviri dâa, Pers. /deraxt, Polish drzewo, Welsh derwen, Skr. dāru, Av. dāuru, Goth. triu, ON tré, Old Prussian drawine, XMK darullos

dʰ

RootMeaningDerivatives
to blossom Alb. dal, Arm. dalar/talar, Gk. thallō, Welsh dail, Ir. duille/
fat Russ. debelyj, Old Prussian debīkan, Toch. tpär/täpr, ON dapr, Gm. taphar/tapfer, Ltv. dabļš, OCS debelŭ
to burn Lith. degti, Ltv. degt, Lat. fovēre, Russ. žgučij, Alb. djek, Ir. daig/, Skr. dahati, Av. dažaiti, Old Prussian dagis, Pers. /dāġ, Gk. theptanos/, Toch. tsäk/tsäk, OCS žešti, Polish żgę
to suck/suckle Alb. djathë, Arm. diem/tiem, Lith. dėlė, Ltv. dēt, Old Prussian dadan, Ir. diul/diuilim, Welsh dynu, Eng. delu/--, Gm. tāen/--; tila/--, Goth. daddjan, ON dilkr, Skr. dhā; dhayati, Av. daēnu, Pers. dadan/, Lat. fēmina; fētus; fēlāre, Umbrian feliuf, Gk. thēlē; thēlus, OCS doiti, Russ. doit', Polish doić
to place, set, put Skr. dadhāti, Av. daðaiti, Lat. faciō, Oscan faciiad, Umbrian feitu, Hitt. dai, Pers. adadā/, Gk. tithēmi/, Lith. dėti, Ltv. dēt, Polish dziać; działać, Russ. det'; delat', Eng. dōn/do, Gm. tuon/tun, Goth. gadeths, ON dalidun, Phryg. dak-, Gaul. dede, Thrac. didzos, Alb. ndonj, Toch. täs/täs, Welsh dall, Arm. ed/et, Lyc. ta-
to mold Gk. teikhos, Ir. digen/, Russ. deža, Eng. dāg/dough, Goth. daigs, ON deig, Gm. teig/Teig, Skr. dih; degdhi, Lat. fingere, Av. pairidaēza, Pers. didā/dēz, Arm. dizanem, Thrac. -dizos, Umbrian fikla, Lith. žiest, Ltv. ziest, Old Prussian siduko, Oscan feíhúss, Toch. tsek/tsik
light Alb. diell, Arm. dełin/deġin/teġin, Eng. deall/, ON Dellingr, Ir. dellrad/
thorn Skr. drāka, Gm. tirnpauma/dirnbaum, Welsh draen, Ir. draigen/droigheann, Lith. drignės, Ltv. driģenes, Russ. deren, Polish drzazga
to dare Skr. dhoti, Lat. infestus, OCS drŭzŭ Russ. derzkij, Old Prussian dyrsos, Eng. dearr/dare, Gm. giturran/--; gitar/, Gk. thrasos, Lith. drįsti, Ltv. drošs, Pers. adaršnauš, Av. daršam, Goth. gadars
deep Lith. dubti, Ltv. dubens, Gaul. Dubnorīx, Illyr. dubris, Goth. diups, ON diupr, Eng. dēop/deep, Gk. buthos, Gm. tiof/tief, Welsh dwfn, Ir. domain/, Russ. dno; duplo, Polish dno
to defecate Russ. dristat', ON dríta, Lith. dergti, Gk. dardainei, Lat. foria, Gm. trīzan/
to deceive ON draugr, Skr. druhyati, Av. družaiti, Eng. drēam/dream, Gm. troum/Traum, Pers. drauga/, Ir. aurddrach/
daughter Skr. duhit, Gk. thugatēr, Toch. ckācar/tkacer, Eng. dohtor/daughter, OCS dŭšti, Russ. doč', Arm. dustr/tusdr, Gm. tohter/Tochter, Kamviri jü, Gaul. duxtīr, Pers. /doxtar, Lith. duktė, Old Prussian duckti, ON dóttir, Goth. dauhtar, Av. duydar, Luw. duttariyata, Hitt. duttariyatiyaš
smoke Skr. dhūma, Old Prussian dumis, Russ. dym, Lat. fūmus, Gm. toup/toben, Gk. thumos, Toch. twe/tweye, Lith. dūmai, Ltv. dūmi, Eng. dōmian/dusk, Goth. dauns, ON daunn, Ir. dé/deathach, Welsh dywy, Oscan Mefit, Polish dym, Pers. /dud, OCS dymŭ
door Arm. dun/du/tu, Russ. dver', Skr. dvār, Av. dvarəm, Alb. derë, ON dyrr, Eng. duru/door, Gaul. doro, Gk. thura, Lith. durys, Ltv. durvis, Old Prussian dwaris, Lat. fores, Umbrian furo, Gm. tor/Tür, Ir. dorus/doras, Toch. --/twere, Kamviri du, Umbrian furo, Welsh dôr, Goth. daur, Polish drzwi, Pers. duvaraya/dar, Thrac. dur
earth Phryg. zemelo, Thrac. semele, Pers. zam, Skr. ka, Gk. khthōn, Lat. humus, Goth. guma, ON gumi, Eng. guma/bridegroom, Gm. gomo/Bräutigam, Alb. dhè, OCS zemlja, Russ. zemlja, Ir. du/duine, Hitt. tekan, Luw. dakam-, Toch. tkam/ke, Kashmiri za.min, Lith. žemė, Ltv. zeme, Old Prussian same, Welsh dyn, Oscan huntruis, Umbrian hondomu, Pers. zamin, Thrac. semela, Phryg. zamelon, Osset. zæxx/, Polish ziemia
fish Lith. žuvis, Ltv. zivs, Arm. dzukn/dzuk/cug, Gk. ikhthus, Old Prussian suckis

ǵ

RootMeaningDerivatives
jaw Russ. zob, Ir. gopchóel/gob, Gm. /Kiefer, Eng. ceafl/jowl, ON keptr, Av. zafana
to marry Skr. jāmātar, Av. zāmātar, Gk. gambros, Lat. gener
to give birth Gk. genos, Lat. genus, Eng. cyn/kin; cyning/king, Gm. kind/Kind; kuning/König, Russ. zjat', Av. zīzənti, Skr. jāti, Kamviri zut, Thrac. zenis, Phryg. cin, Ir. adgainemmar/geinim, Goth. kuni, Lith. gimdyti, Ltv. znots, Welsh geni, Gaul. Cintugnātus, ON kind; konungr, Pers. /zāēdan, Hitt. genzu, Arm. cnauġ/dznauġ, Toch. kän/kän, Alb. dhëndër/dhândër, Oscan Genetaí, Umbrian natine, OCS zętĭ
cheek Lat. gena, Welsh genou, Gk. genos, Goth. kinnus, Skr. hanu, Av. zanu, Lith. žandas, Ltv. zods, Phryg. azon, Toch. śanwem/, Arm. cnaut/dznaud, Eng. cin/chin, Gm. chinni/Kinn, Ir. gin/gionach, ON kinn, Pers. /goune(h), XMK kanadoi
taste Lat. dēgūnō, Goth. kiusan, Gm. kiosan/kiesen, Skr. joati, Av. zaošō, Alb. dashur, Polish gust, Eng. ceosan/choose, Pers. dauš/, Ir. asagussim/--, Gk. geuomai
brother's wife OCS zlŭva, Russ. zolovka, Gk. galōs, Phryg. gelaros, Polish zełwa
to know Lat. cognoscō, OCS znati, Russ. znat', Polish znać, Lith. žinoti, Ltv. zināt, Skr. jñā, Av. paitizānənti, Eng. cnāwan/know, Toch. knān/nān, Ir. /gnath, Gk. gignōmi, Alb. njeh, Hitt. kanes, Arm. canot'/dzanot', Kashmiri zānun, Osset. zon, Gm. kunnan/können; irchennan/kennen, Pers. xšnāsātiy/, ON kunna; kenna, Old Prussian posinnāts, Goth. kunnan; kannjan, Umbrian naratu, Welsh gnawd
corn Lat. grānum, Ir. grán/grán, OCS zrĭno, Russ. zerno, Polish ziarno, Lith. žirnis, Ltv. zirnis, Gm. kerno/Korn, Welsh grawn, Eng. corn/corn, Old Prussian syrne, ON korn, Goth. kaúrn
knee Lat. genū, Russ. zveno, Hitt. gienu, Palaic ginu-, Gk. gonu, Skr. jānu, Illyr. Genusus, Gm. kniu/Knie, Pers. /zānu, Eng. cnēo/knee, ON kne, Goth. kniu, Av. znum, Toch. kanwe/kenīne, Arm. cunr/dzunr
ledge->tooth Lat. gemma, Gk. gomphos, Skr. jambha, Lith. žambas, Ltv. zobs, Alb. dhëmb/dhamb, XMK kombous, Eng. comb/comb, Toch. kam/keme, Russ. zub, Arm. camel/dzamel, Kamviri zâmoa, Polish gęba/ząb, ON kambr, Gm. kamb/Kamm

ǵʰ

RootMeaningDerivatives
goose Gk. khun, Skr. hasa, Lat. ānser, Ir. géiss/, Eng. gōs/goose, Russ. gus', Lith. žąsis, Ltv. zoss, Gm. gans/Gans, Old Prussian sansy, Goth. gansus, ON gás, Av. zā, Polish gęś, Pers. /ġāz
stick Russ. žerd', Ir. gat, Goth. gazds, ON gaddr, Eng. gād/goad, Gm. gart/Gart
stick Lat. hasta, Umbrian hostatu, Ir. gass/gas, Lith. lazda
to shine Lat. helvus; fel, Lith. gelta; žalias; želta, Ltv. dzeltens; zaļš; zelts, Russ. žëltyj;zelënyj;zoloto, Gm. gelo/gelb;gold/Gold, Phryg. zelkia, Eng. geolu/yellow;gold/gold, Alb. dhelpër, Welsh glan, Ir. gel/gealach, Polish żółty;zielony;złoto, Gk. khlōros, ON gulr;gull, Pers. /zard;daraniya/, Av. zaray;zaranya, Goth. gulþ, Skr. hari;hiraya, Old Prussian gelatynan;saligan;sealtmeno, OCS zlĭtŭ;zelenŭ;zlato
pine Gk. kheilos, Arm. jelun/čelun, ON giolnar, Lith. pušis, Ir. /giúis
bowels Lat. hernia, Skr. hira, Gk. khordē, ON grn, Gm. garn/Garn, Eng. gearn/yarn, Arm. ja/ča, Lith. žarna, Ltv. zarna, Hitt. karat
to enclose Lith. gardas; žardas, Phryg. gordum, Lat. hortus, Skr. harati, Welsh garth, Eng. geard/yard, Gm. garto/Garten, ON garðr, Gk. khortos, Ir. /gort, Oscan herííad, Gaul. gorto, Hitt. gurtas, Goth. garda, Alb. gardh, Russ. gorod
rigid Alb. derr, Skr. harate, Av. zaršayamna, Arm. dzar/car, Gk. khersos, Lat. horrēo, Ir. garb/garbh, Welsh garw, Eng. gorst/
liquid Lat. fūtis, Gk. khunō, Skr. juhoti, Goth. giutan, Gm. giozan/giessen, Eng. guttas/gut, ON gjóta, Arm. dzulel/culel, Av. zaotar, Pers. /zōr, Toch. ku/ku, Phryg. Zeuman
to bend Ltv. nuožvelnus, Ltv. zvelt, Russ. zloj, Polish zły, Skr. hvarati, Av. zbarəmnəm, Pers. /zūr
to sound OCS zvonŭ, Russ. zvon, Arm. dzayn/cayn, Alb. zë/zâ, Toch. ka/kene, Polish dzwon, Lith. žvengti, Ltv. zviegt
beast Lat. ferus, OCS zvĕrĭ, Russ. zver', Lith. žvėris. Ltv. zvērs, Gk. thēr, Polish zwierzę, Old Prussian swīrins, Toch. śaru/śerwe
winter Skr. hemanta, Lat. hiems, Gk. kheima, Gaul. Giamillus, OCS zima, Russ. zima, Polish zima, Lith. žiema, Ltv. ziema, Old Prussian semo, Av. zimo, Arm. dzme/cme, Alb. dimër/dimën, Kamviri z, Pers. /zemestān, Toch. śärme/śimpriye, Welsh gaeaf, Ir. gaimred/geimhreadh, Hitt. gima, ON gói, Pers. /dai
hand Skr. hasta, Av. zasta, Lith. pažastis, Lat. praesto, Hitt. kessar, Lyc. izre, Luw. iššari-, Gk. kheir, Arm. dzek'/cek', Kamviri düšt, Alb. dorë

g

RootMeaningDerivatives
naked Gm. kalo/kahl, OCS glava, Russ. golyj, Lith. galva, Ltv. galva, Polish goły, Old Prussian gallū, Eng. calu/callow
to mock Skr. gañjas, Eng. canc/, Gk. gaggainein/, Russ. gugnja, Ir. géim/, OCS ggŭnivŭ
cold OCS hlad, Lat. gelū, Oscan gelan, Eng. ceald/cold, Lith. gelmenis, Gm. kalt/kalt, Polish chłód, Gk. gelandron, ON kaldr, Goth. kalds
crane Gk. geranos, Lat. grūs, Arm. krunk/grung, Gm. krano/Kranich, Eng. cran/crane, Lith. garnis, Ltv. dzērve, Old Prussian gerwe, Russ. žuravl', Polish żuraw, Welsh garan, ON trana
to scratch Russ. žrebij, Old Prussian gīrbin, Gk. graphō, Gm. kerban/kerben, Eng. ceorfan/carve, Arm. kerel/gerel, Alb. gërvish, Ltv. grīpsta, OCS žrĕbŭ
milk Gk. gala, Lat. lac, Hitt. galank, Kamviri zu
hornbeam/oak Russ. grab, Polish grab, Lith. skroblas, Ltv. skābardis, Umbrian Graboui, XMK grabion
hail Russ. grad, Lith. gruodas, Arm. karkut/gargut, Polish grad, OCS gradŭ
to gnaw Gk. graō, Skr. grasate, Lat. grānem
millstone Arm. erkan/yerkan/yergan, Skr. grāvan, Welsh breuan, Eng. cweorn/quern, Gm. quirn/Querne, ON kvern, Goth. qairnus, Ir. braó/, Lith. girna, Ltv. dzirnus, Old Prussian girnoywis, Russ. žërnov, Polish żarno

gʰ

RootMeaningDerivatives
to take Eng. giefan/give, Skr. gabhasti, Gm. geban/geben, ON gefa, Goth. giban, Lat. habēre, Oscan hafíar, Umbrian habe, Ir. gaibid/, Welsh gafael, Lith. gabana, Ltv. gabana, Gaul. gabi, OCS gobino
goat Lat. haedus, Goth. gaits, Gm. geiz/Geiss, ON geit, Eng. gāt/goat
to join, to unite Lith. guodas, Ltv. gods, Eng. gōd/good, Gm. guot/gut, Goth. gōþs; gōds, ON gōðr, Skr. gadhyas, OCS godŭ, Russ. god, Polish gody, Toch. kātk/kātk
to call Eng. gellan/yell, Gk. khelidōn, Skr. pragalbhas, Goth. gōljan, Gm. gellan/gellen, Lith. gulbinti/, ON gjalla
tortoise Gk. khelōnē, OCS želŭvĭ, Russ. žolv', Lith. želvė, Polish żółw
to take Alb. gjend, Eng. begetan/beget; forgetan/forget, Gm. firgezzen/vergessen, ON geta, Goth. bigitan, Gk. khandarō, Ir. geind/geinn, Welsh gaing, Lat. prehendere
horror Lat. fastus, ON gersta, Lith. grasa, Ltv. grasīt, Arm. garšim/karšim, Av. grəəhma, Gm. gerstī/, Toch. krās/krās
to joke Eng. glēo/glee, Lith. glauda, Ltv. glaust, Gk. khleuē, ON glý, Russ. glum, OCS bezŭ gluma
stranger/guest Lat. hostis, OCS gostĭ, Russ. gost', Gm. gast/Gast, Goth. gasts, Polish gość, Eng. gæst/, ON gestr, Luw. gaši
fear Skr. ghora, Goth. gaurs, Gm. gōrag/, Russ. žurit', Eng. gyrn/, ON gaurr
to grow, to become green Eng. grōwan/grow; grēne/green; græs/grass, Gm. gruoen/-- , gruoni/grün, gras/Gras, Goth. gras, ON groa; grænn; gras
beam Lith. grindys, Ltv. grīda, ON grind, Polish grzęda, Russ. grjada, Kamviri uga, Eng. grindel/, Gm. grindil/
barley Lat. hordeum, Gm. gersta/Gerste, Eng. gerst/--, Alb. drithë, Gk. kri

gʷ

RootMeaningDerivatives
to sink Gk. bathos, Skr. gāhate, Av. vigāθō, Ir. bádud/báthaim, Welsh boddi
sinew Lat. fīlum, OCS žitsa, Russ. žila, Arm. jil/čil, Lith. gija, Ltv. dzija, Welsh giau, Polish żyła
to live Skr. jīv, Lat vivere, Lith. gyventi, Ltv. dzīvs, Old Prussian gi(j)wan, OCS žiti, Russ. žit', Polish żyć, Eng. cwicu/quick, ON kvikr, Gm. quec/keck, Goth. quis, Gk. bios, Ir. bethu/beatha, Welsh byd, Gaul. Biturīges, Pers. gaiθā/zēstan, Av. gaēθā; jiġaēsa, Toch. śo/śai, Arm. keam/geam, Oscan bivus
womb Eng. wamb/womb, Gm. wamba/Wamme, Goth. wamba, ON vomb, Skr. garbhas, Gk. delphus, Lith. gimda,
to come Lat. veniō, Skr. jigāti, Av. jamaiti, Toch. kum/käm, Eng. cuman/come, Arm. yeki/yegi, Gm. coman/kommen, Kamviri âca, ON koma, Pers. jamijāh/, Goth. qiman, Oscan kúmbennieís, Lith. gimti, Ltv. dzimt, Old Prussian gimsenin, Alb. pregjim, Gk. bēma
mount Russ. gora, Lith. guras, Skr. giris, Av. gairi, Gk. deiros, Alb. gur, Arm. ler, Polish góra, OCS gora
to devour Alb. ngrënë/ngranë, Arm. ker/ger, Lith. gerti, Ltv. dzert, Ir. bráge/bráighid, Welsh breuant, Skr. girati, Av. jaraiti, Gk. bora; brōma, Lat. vorāre, Gm. quedar/Köder, ON krás, Russ. žrat', Polish żreć
to praise Lat. grātēs, Russ. žrec, Alb. grish, Lith. girti, Ltv. dzirt, Skr. gnāti, Ir. bard/bárd, Old Prussian girtwei, Toch. krant-/krent-, Welsh bardd, Oscan brateis, Av. aibigərənte
heavy Lat. gravis, Eng. cweorn/quern, Skr. guru, Av. gouruzaθra, Lith. gurstu, Ltv. gurstu, Toch. krāmärts/krāmär, Gk. baros, ON kvern, Goth. kaúrjōs, Pers. /girān, Welsh bryw, Ir. bair/, Old Prussian girnoywis, Gm. quirn/Querne, OCS žŭrnŭvi, Polish żarna, Russ. žërnov
resin Gm. kuti/Kitt, Eng. cudu/cud, ON kváða, Skr. jatu, Lat. bitūmen, Welsh bedwen, Scottish Gaelic beithe
cow/bull Skr. gaus, Av. gáus, Ltv. govs, Russ. govjado, Toch. ko/keŭ, Arm. kov/gov, Eng. cū/cow, Umbrian bum, Gk. bous, Ir. bó/bó, Welsh buw, Gm. kuo/Kuh, Kamviri go, Kashmiri gāv, Pers. --/gāv, Oscan buv-, ON kú, Osset. gal/ Thrac. bonassos
womb Gk. brephos, Ir. brommach/, OCS žrĕbę, Russ. žerebënok, Polish źrebię
to bite Lith. graužti, Ltv. grauzt, Russ. gryzt', Welsh brwyn, Polish gryźć, Alb. me gicë, Gk. brukhō, Ir. brón/brón, Arm. krcem/grdzem, OCS gryz
woman OCS žena, Russ. žena, Polish żona, Av. gənā, Gk. gunē, Eng. cwēn/queen, Skr. gnā;jani, Old Prussian genno, Arm. kin/gin, Alb. zonjë, Ir. ben/bean, Welsh benyw, Kashmiri zanānū', Goth. qino, ON kona, Gm. quena/--, Pers. /zan, Phryg. bonekos, Toch. śä/śana, Luw. wanatti-

gʷʰ

RootMeaningDerivatives
gland Arm. gełdzk'/geġdz/keġc, Lith. geležuones, Russ. železa, Polish zołza
warm Alb. zjarr, Russ. žar, Lith. garas, Ltv. gars, Phryg. germe, Arm. jerm/čerm, Eng. bearnan/burn, ON brenna, Gm. brinnan/brennen, Goth. brinnan, Gk. thermos, Skr. gha, Kashmiri germi, Thrac. germas, Pers. garmapada/garm, Ir. fogeir/, Hitt. war, Old Prussian goro, Av. garəma, Welsh gori, Kashmiri garū'm
to ask Eng. biddian/bid; bed/bead, Gm. pittan/bitten; beta/Gebet, Goth. bidjan; bida, ON biðja, Skr. gadhya, Lat. manifestus
to press Skr. hanti, Av. jainti, Lith. ginti, Ltv. dzīt, Old Prussian guntwei, Russ. gnat', Polish gnać, Alb. gjanj, Arm. gan/kan, Ir. gonim/gonadh, ON gunnr, Gk. theinō, Hitt. kwen, Pers. ajanam/, Eng. gūþ/--, Gm. gundfano/--, OCS gŭnati
to strike, slay, kill Eng. bana/bane, Pers. /zahr, Skr. han, Gm. pano/Bahn, ON bani, Goth. banja, Av. jainti, Arm. gan/kan, Gk. theinō, Ir. gonim/, Alb. gjah, Lith. ginti, Ltv. dzīt, Russ. gnat', Polish gnać, Hitt. kwen, Lyd. qn-
bright, shining Lith. giedras, Ltv. dziedrs, Gk. phaidros

h₁, e/o

RootMeaningDerivatives
arm Osset. arm, Arm. armunk/armung, Lat. armus, OCS ramo, Goth. arms, Eng. earm/arm, Skr. irmas, Old Prussian irmo, Gm. aram/Arm, ON armr, Gk. arthron/
tooth Lat. dentis, Gk. odous/donti, Welsh dant, Lith. dantis, Skr. dantam, Eng. tōþ/tooth, Gm. zand/Zahn, Goth. tunþus, Russ. desna, Welsh dant, Kamviri dut, Pers. /dandān, Kashmiri dãd, Ir. dét/déad, ON tnn, Osset. dændag
to eat Lith. ėsti, Ltv. ēst, Old Prussian ist, Russ. jest', Polish jeść, Skr. ad, Av. ad, Arm. utel/udel, Hitt. at, Luw. ad-; az-, Palaic ata-, Lat. edō, Oscan edum, Gk. edō, Eng. etan/eat, Gm. essan/essen, ON eta, Goth. itan, Ir. esse/, Thrac. esko-, Toch. /yesti
sharp Russ. jel', Lith. eglė, Ltv. egle, Lat. ebulus, Gaul. odocos, Old Prussian addle, Gm. attuh/, Polish jodła
intestines Gk. ētor/, Ir. inathar/, Lat. uterus, ON ǽðr, Eng. dder/, Gm. ādra/Ader
fire Arm. airel, Ir. áith/áith, Welsh odyn, Skr. atharvan, Av. ātarš, Pers. Āçiyādiya/ādar, Lat. āter, Umbrian atru, Oscan Aadíriis, Serb. vatra
to go Lith. eiti, Ltv. iet, Old Prussian eit, Russ. idti, Polish iść, Goth. iddja, Eng. ēode/--, Skr. eti, Av. aēiti, Gk. eimi, Lat. ire, Umbrian ier, Oscan eítuns, Kamviri ie, Gaul. eimu, Toch. i/i, Ir. ethaim/, Pers. aitiy/, OCS id, Luw. i-
to copulate Gm. eiba/--, Skr. yabhati, Russ. jebat', Illyr. Oibalos, Gk. oiphō/, Polish jebać
elbow Gm. elina/elle, Gk. ōlenē, Arm. volok', Lith. uolektis, Ltv. olekts, Russ. lokot', Skr. āi, Welsh elin, Eng. eln/ell, Ir. uilin/uille, Goth. aleina, ON aln, Alb. llërë/llânë, Av. arəθna, Old Prussian woaltis, OCS pakŭtĭ, Polish łokieć, Pers. /āran
gland Alb. angërr, Gk. adēn, Lat. inguen, ON ökkvinn
boar Lith. Vepriai, Ltv. vepris, Gm. ebur/Eber, Eng. eofor/--, Russ. vepr', Polish wieprz, Skr. vapati, Lat. aper; vepres, Umbrian apruf, Old Prussian Weppren, Thrac. ebros, ON jfurr
goat Arm. oroj/oroč, Lith. ėriukas, Ltv. jērs, Old Prussian eristian, Lat. ariēs, Umbrian erietu, Ir. heirp/earb, Gk. eriphos, Gm. irah/, OCS jarina
pea Gk. orobos, Ir. orbaind/, Lat ervum, Gm. arawīz/Erbse, ON ertr
to be OCS jestĭ, Russ. est', Lith. esmi, Ltv. esmu, Old Prussian asmai, Gk. esti, Ir. am/, Skr. asti, Av. asti, Lat. est, Umbrian sent, Oscan súm, Eng. is/is, Arm. ē, Polish jest, Alb. është/âsht, Gm. ist/ist, Goth. ist, ON es, Hitt. asa, Lyc. es, Luw. as, Lyd. e-, Palaic aš-, Toch. e/ei, Pers. astiy/ast,
to dress Av. aoθra, Russ. obut', Polish obuć, Lith. auti, Ltv. aut, Lat. exuo;induo,, Arm. aganum/akanum; aganim/akanim, Old Prussian auclo, Umbrian anovihimu, Arm. , Ir. fuan/, Welsh gŵn, OCS obuj
udder Lith. ūdruoju, Eng. ūder/udder, Gm. ūtir/Euter, ON jūgr, Gk. outhar/, Skr. ūdhar, Lat. ūber, Russ. vimja, Polish wymię
to burn Alb. ushël, Lith. usnis, Ltv. usna, Lat. ūrō, Gk. heuō/, Gm. eimuria/, Eng. merge/ember, ON usli, Skr. oati,
to praise Skr. vāghat, Av. raštarəvaġənti, Gk. eukhomai, Arm. gog/kok, Lat. vovēre, Umbrian vufetes
hedgehog Russ. ëž, Lith. ežys, Ltv. ezis, Phryg. eksis, Gk. ekhinos, Gm. igil/Igel, Arm. ozni, Eng. igil/--, ON ígul, Osset. wyzyn, Polish jeż, Phryg. eksis, Alb. esh
out Lat. ex, Gk. eks, Gaul. ex-, Ir. ass/as, Russ. iz, Alb. jashtë, Oscan eh-, Umbrian ehe-, Lith. iž, Ltv. iz, Old Prussian is, Welsh a
}} horse Lat. equus, Toch. yuk/yakwe, Gaul. epos, Gk. hippos, Skr. aśva, Av. asva-, Lith. ašva, Old Prussian aswinan, Kamviri ušpa, Eng. eoh/--, Gm. ehwaz/--, Goth. aitundi, ON iór, Hitt. aśuwas, Arm. ēš, Welsh ebol, Ir. ech/each, Thrac. esvas, Lyc. esbe-, Phryg. es', Pers. aspa/asb, Osset. jæfs/æfsæ, Venetic ekvon
name Toch. ñom/ñem, Lat. nōmen, Umbrian nome, Eng. nama/name, Gm. namo/Name, ON nafn, Goth. namo, Skr. nāman, Av. nąman, Gk. onoma, OCS imę, Russ. imja, Alb. emër/êmën, Ir. ainm/ainm, Welsh anu, Hitt. lāman, Kamviri nom, Pers. nāma/nām, Arm. anun, Polish imię, Old Prussian emnes
mouth Skr. ās;oha, Av. aosta, Lat. ōs, Lith. uosta, Ltv. osta, Russ. usta, Kamviri âša, Old Prussian austo, Eng. ōr/--, Hitt. aiš, ON oss
quick Gk. ōkupous, Lat. ōcior, Welsh diog, Av. āsu, Skr. āśu, Russ. jastreb, OCS jastrębŭ
shoulder Gk. ōmos, Lat. umĕrus, Skr. asa, Goth. ams, ON ass, Toch. es/āntse, Arm. us
eight Arm. ut'/ut'/ut'ĕ, Alb. tëte/tetë, Lith. aštuoni, Ltv. astoņi, Gaul. oxtū, Gm. ahto/acht, Eng. eahta/eight, Gk. oktō, Av. ašta, Ir. ocht/ocht, Kashmiri ā.h, Lyc. aitãta-, Kamviri u, Lat. octō, Oscan uhto, ON átta, Old Prussian astōnjai, Osset. ast/ast, Pers. ašta/hašt, OCS osmĭ, Polish osiem, Russ. vosem', Skr. aa, Toch. okät/okt, Goth. ahtau, Welsh wyth
red Lat. ruber, Eng. rēad/red, Lith. raudonas, Ltv. ruds, Skr. rudhira, Russ. rdet', Gk. eruthros, Toch. rtär/ratre, Av. raoðita, Goth. rauþs, ON rjóðr, Gm. rōt/rot, Oscan Rufriis, Umbrian rufru, Ir. ruad/ Welsh rhudd, Gaul. Roudos
to vomit Russ. rygat', Polish rzygać, Lith. riaugėti, Ltv. raugāties, Gk. ereugomai, Lat. ructāre, Eng. rēocan/reek, Gm. rouhhan/rauchen; itruchen/, ON reykja, Pers. /āroġ, Arm. vorcam/vordzam,
cream Lith. rūgti, Ltv. raugs, Av. raoġna, Pers. /roġān, ON rjúmi, Eng. rēam/ream, Gm. roum/Rahm
throat Skr. rōmantha, Lat. rūmen, Welsh rhumen, Lith. raumuo, Ltv. raumins
bear Gk. arktos, Lat. ursus, Skr. ka, Pers. /xers, Arm. arj/arč, Gaul. Artioni, Alb. ari, Kamviri ic, Osset. ærs, Welsh arth, Av. aršam, Hitt. artagga
fire Skr. agni, Hitt. agniš, Lat. ignis, Lith. ugnis, Ltv. uguns, OCS ognĭ, Polish ogień, Russ. ogon', Alb. enjte
berry Toch. oko/oko, Lith. uoga, Ltv. oga, OCS agoda, Russ. jagoda, Polish jagoda, Goth. akran, ON akarn, Gm. ēker/Ecker, Eng. æcern/acorn, Ir. áirne/, Welsh aeron
blood Skr. ask, Old Lat. aser, Ltv. asins, Hitt. ešar, Lyc. esêne-, Luw. ašhar-, Toch. ysār/yasar, Gk. eiar, Arm. ariun
egg Lat. ōvum, Gk. ōion, Russ. jajco, Gm. ei/Ei, Eng. g/Cockney, Ir. /ubh, Welsh ŵy, Alb. ve;vo, ON egg, Crimean Gothic ada, Arm. dzu/cu, Pers. /xāyah, OCS ajĭse, Kurd. hék
one Alb. një/nji, Lith. vienas, Ltv. viens, Gaul. oinos, Gm. ein/eins, Eng. ān/one, Gk. oios, Av. aēuua, Ir. óin/aon, Kashmiri akh, Kamviri ev, Oscan uinus, ON einn, Old Prussian aīns, Osset. iu/ieu, Pers. aiva/yek, OCS edinŭ, Polish jeden, Russ. odin, Skr. eka, Lat. ūnus, Umbrian uns, Goth. ains, Welsh un

h₂, a

RootMeaningDerivatives
apple Lith. obuolys, Ltv. ābols, Eng. æppel/apple, Russ. jabloko, Ir. uball/ubhall, Gm. aphul/Apfel, Polish jabłko, Welsh afal, Old Prussian woble, Skr. abala, ON eple, Gaul. avallo, OCS jabloko
plough animal Arm. ezn/yez(n)/yez(n), Ir. ag/agh, Welsh ewig, Skr. ahī, Av. azī
fault, sin Skr. āgas, Gk. agos, Eng. acan/ache
water Lat. aqua, Russ. Oka, Goth. aha, Gm. aha/Ache, Eng. īg/island, Hitt. akwanzi, Luw. ahw-, Palaic aku-, ON á, Goth. aa
water Skt. ap
axe Lat. ascia, Eng. æx/axe, Gm. ackis/Axt, Gk. aksinē, ON øx, Goth. aqizi
lamb OCS jagnę, Russ. jagnënok, Gk. amnos, Ir. úan/uan, Eng. ēanian/yean, Welsh oen, Lat. agnus, Umbrian habina, Polish jagnię
sick Lat. aeger, Toch. /aikare, ON eikenn, Lith. ingas, Ltv. angus, OCS jęsa, Russ. jaga, Polish jędza, Eng. inca/, Arm. yekro/yegro
copy Hitt. imma, Lat. aemulus; imāgō
part Av. aēta, Oscan aeteis, Gk. aitios, Ir. áes/aois, Welsh oes
vital force Skr. āyu, Lat. aevum, Av. āyū, Toch. āym/, Eng. æfre/ever, Gm. īo/je; êwig/ewig, Goth. aiws, ON ei, Gk. aiōn, Alb. eshë
goat Skr. ea, Av. izaēna, Arm. aic/aidz, Gk. aiks
oak Lith. ąžuolas, Lat. aesculus, Gk. krataigos/, ON eik, Eng. āc/oak, Gm. eihha/Eiche
spear/pike Gk. aiklos/, Lat. īcō, Old Prussian aysmis, OCS igla, Polish igła, Av. išarə, Lith. iešmas, Ltv. iesms, ON eigin, Russ. igla
to be master of, to possess Eng. āgan/ought, Goth. aigan, Gm. eigan/eigen, ON eiga, Skr. īe, Av. īšti
stone Gk. akmōn, Lith. akmuo, Ltv. akmens, Skr. aśman, Av. asman, Russ. kamen', Eng. hamer/hammer, Polish kamień, ON hamarr, Hitt. aku, Pers. asman/, Gaul. acaunum, Gm. hamar/Hammer
other Lat. alius, Eng. elles/else, Skr. araa, Gk. allos, Oscan allo, Toch. ālak/allek, Arm. ayl, Gaul. alla, Ir. aile/eile, Welsh ail, Goth. alijs, Gm. elilenti/elend, ON elligar, Lyd. aλaś
barley Alb. elb, Gk. alphi/
white Lat. albus, Umbrian alfu, Hitt. alpas, Gm. Alps, Welsh elfydd, Russ. lebed', Eng. ælf/elf, Gk. alphos, Lyc. alb-, ON alfr
beer Lith. alus, Ltv. alus, Lat. alūmen, Eng. ealu/ale, Gk. aludoimo/, ON l, Old Prussian alu, OCS olŭ
ancestor Gk. annis/anōn, Lat. anus, Illyr. ana, Gm. ano/ahn, Lith. anyta, Hitt. hannas, Arm. han, Russ. vnuk, Old Prussian ane
spirit Skr. ānas, Goth. uzanan; andi, Ir. anál/anál, Gk. anemos, Lat. animus, OCS vonja, Russ. von', Welsh anysbryd, ON anda; nd, Eng. eðian/--; ōþian/--, Welsh eneid, Av. åntya, Lith. anuoti, Arm. hov, Alb. ajë/âj, Oscan anamum, Toch. āñcäm/āñme
eel Lat. anguilla, Lith. ungurys, Gm. angar/Engerling, Russ. ugor', Gk. egkhelus, Old Prussian angurgis
duck Lat. anas, Lith. antis, Skr. ātis, Russ. utie, Gm. anut/Ente, Eng. ened/--, ON nd, Old Prussian antis, Gk. nēssa/
angle Gm. ango/, Osset. ængur, Skr. akas, Lat. ancus, Lith. anka, Ltv. āķis, Gk. agkōn, Russ. ugol, ON angi, Av. akupəsəmna, Welsh anghad, Ir. ēcath/, Hitt. hink
narrow Gk. ankhō/, Skr. ahu, Av. ązahē, Russ. uzkij, Goth. aggwus, ON aungr, Arm. anjuk/ančug, Gm. engi/eng, Hitt. hamenk, OCS zŭkŭ, Polish wąski, Lith. ankšta, Toch. ets/entse, Eng. enge/, Welsh ehang, Ir. /cumung
river, lake Hitt. ap(a), Palaic apnas, Luw. apinni, Ltv. upe, Lith. upė, Old Prussian ape, Eng. ōfer/, Gm. /Ufer, Skr. āp, Av. afš, Lat. amnis, Toch. āp/āp
to reach Av. apayeiti, Lat. apex, Skr. āptas, Gk. apto, Arm. unim, Hitt. apanzi, Toch. oppäśśi/, Polish opaść
aspen Eng. æspe/aspen, Gm. aspa/Espe, ON sp, Lith. epušė, Ltv. apse, Old Prussian abse, Gk. aspris/
nut Russ. orex, Alb. arrë, Gk. arna, Polish orzech
to lock Gk. arkeō, Lat. arcēre, Arm. argel/arkel, Goth. arka, Old Prussian arkan, Polish arkan, Hitt. ark-, Toch. --/ārk, Oscan trííbarakavúm, Lith. raktas; užrakinti
to plow Toch. āre/āre, Lat. arō, Gk. arotēr, Lith. arti, Ltv. art, OCS orati, Russ. orat', Arm. araur, Ir. airim/, Polish orać, Goth. arjan, Eng. erian/--, ON arðr, Welsh arddu, Old Prussian artoys, Gm. erien/
white, shining Gk. arguros, Lat. arguō, Hitt. arkiš, Toch. ārki/arkwi, Eng. eorcnanstān/--, Gk. erchan/--, Skr. arjuna, Ir. argat/airgead, Av. arəzah, Welsh ariant, Oscan aragetud, Arm. arcat'/ardzat', Phryg. arg, Thrac. arzas, Gaul. Argentoratum, Goth. unairkns
to help Skr. avati, Lat. aveō, Av. avaiti, Arm. aviun, Gaul. Avicantus, Goth. ewyll, Gk. -aones, Lith. aušti, Ltv. aust, Ir. con ói/, Toch. olar/aulāre, ON auð, Eng. īþe/, Gm. ōdmuoti/
to glance Gk. augē, Alb. agon, Russ. jug, OCS jugŭ
to increase Lith. augti, Ltv. augt, Lat. auctis, Gk. auksōn, Skr. ugra, Toch. ok/auk, Eng. eacan/eke, Gm. wahsan/wachsen; ouh/auch, ON auka, Goth. aukan, Old Prussian auginnons, Umbrian uhtur
paternal grandfather, maternal uncle Lat. avus ;avunculus, Gaul. avontīr, Gk. aia, Lith. avynas, Old Prussian awis, Welsh ewythr, Arm. hav, Eng. ēam/--, Ir. aue/ó, Goth. awó, Gm. ōheim/Oheim, OCS uy, Russ. uj, Polish wuj, Hitt. huhhas
dawn Lat. aurōra, Lith. aušra, Ltv. ausma, Gm. ōstra/Osten, Skr. uās, Russ. utro, Eng. ēast/east, Gk. hēos, ON austr, Av. ušastara, Ir. fáir/, Welsh gwawr
bird Lat. avis, Av. vīš, Skr. vis, Arm. hav, Welsh hwyad, Gk. aetos, Lith. višta, Ltv. vista, Umbrian avif, Ir. /aoi
goat Skr. aja, Pers. /azg, Lith. ožys, Ltv. āzis, Ir. ag/agh, OCS jazno, Russ. jaz', Old Prussian wosux, Alb. dhi
lake Lith. ežeras, Ltv. ezers, Russ. ozero, Illyr. oseriates, Gk. Akherōn, OCS jezero, Polish jezioro, Old Prussian assaran
sharp Gk. akros, Lat. ācer, Skr. aśris, OCS ostrŭ, Russ. ost'; ostryj, Ir. aicher/, Lith. aštrus, Ltv. asmens, Goth. ahs, Pers. /ās, Gaul. Akrotalus, Welsh eithiw, Oscan akrid, Umbrian peracri, Arm. asełn/aseġ/aseġ, Alb. athët, Toch. āk/āke, Eng. ecg/edge, ON egg, Gm. egga/Ecke, Polish ostry, XMK akrounoi
power Lat. neriōsus, Welsh nerth, Alb. njer, Skr. nar, Luw. anarummi, Lyd. nãrś, Lith. noras, Russ. nrav, Gaul. Nertobriga, Arm. air, Gk. anēr, Oscan ner, Umbrian nerf, Ir. nert/, Phryg. anar
nose Lat. nasus, Skr. nasa, OCS nasu, Russ. nos, Lith. nosis, Ltv. nāss, Eng. nosu/nose, Av. nah, Gm. nasa/Nase, Kamviri nâsu, Old Prussian nazy, Pers. nāham/, ON nös
ear Lat. auris, Gk. ous, Skr. usi, OCS ucho, Russ. uši, Goth. auso, Lith. ausis, Ltv. auss, Gaul. ausia-, Alb. vesh, Gm. ōra/Ohr, Ir. au/, Av. usi, Pers. gaušā/guš, Eng. éare/ear, ON eyra, Arm. unkn/akanj/aganč, Old Prussian āusins. See also Hausos.
star Lat. stella, Gk. astēr, Gm. sterro/Stern, Eng. steorra/star, ON stjarna, Goth. stairno, Arm. astł/astġ/asdġ, Skr. tāras;stbhis, Welsh seren, Toch. śre/śćirye, Kamviri âšto, Pers. /setāre, Osset. sthaly/, Hitt. šittar, Kurd. stérk/estére
over Lat. super, Gk. huper, Skr. upari, Av. upairi, Eng. ofer/over, Gm. ubar/über, Goth. ufarō, ON yfir, Gaul. Uertragus, Ir. for/for, Pers. upariy/bar, Welsh gwarthaf, Oscan supruis, Umbrian super, Arm. ver, Av. upairi
bad, evil Hitt. uwapp, Eng. yfel/evil, Gm. ubil/Übel, Goth. ubils
young OCS junu, Russ. junyj, Skr. yuvan, Gaul. Jovincillus, Lith. jaunas, Ltv. jauns, Eng. geong/young, Av. yavan, Lat. juvĕnis, Umbrian iuengar , Gm. jung/jung, Welsh ieuanc, ON ungr, Goth. juggs, Welsh ieuanc, Ir. óc/óg, Pers. /javān
cereal Hitt. hattar, Lat. ador, Gm. azzic/, Goth. atisk, Toch. āti/atiyo, Av. āðūfrāðana, Arm. hat/had
field Skr. ajra, Gk. agros, Lat. ager, Umbrian ager, Goth. akrs, Eng. æcer/acre, Arm. art/ard, Gm. achar/Acker, ON akr
front Hitt. anta, Luw. hantili, Lyc. xñtawata, Lith. ant, Eng. ende/end, Gm. endi/Ende, Goth. and, ON endr, Gk. anti, Ir. étan/, Lat. antiae, Oscan ant, Toch. ānt/ānte
bow Lat. arcus, Goth. arazna, Eng. arwe/arrow, Gk. arkeuthos, Russ. rakita, Polish rakieta, Ltv. ērkšķis, ON rvar, Umbrian arçlataf
oats Lat. avēna, Lith. aviža, Ltv. auza, Russ. ovës, Polish owies, Gk. aigilōps/, Old Prussian wyse, OCS ovĭsŭ
metal Skr. ayas, Lat. aes, Umbrian ahesnes, Gm. ēr/Erz, Eng. ār/ore, Av. ayah, Goth. aiz, ON eir, Gaul. Isarnodori, Ir. iarn/iarann, Welsh haearn, Pers. /āhan
day Skr. ahar, Av. azan
branch Arm. ost/vost/vosd, Gk. ozos, Eng. ōst, Gm. ast/Ast, Goth. asts, Hitt. ašda-

h₃, o

RootMeaningDerivatives
alder Lat. alnus, Lith. alksnis, Ltv. elksnis, Russ. olxa, XMK aliza, ON alr, Gm. elira/Erle, Eng. alor/alder, Old Prussian aliskande, Gaul. alisa, Hitt. alanzan, Polish olcha
bitter Gk. ōmos, Lat. amārus, Arm. hum, Skr. amla, Eng. ampre/, ON apr, Ltv. amols, Alb. ëmblë, XMK abro-
to anoint Skr. anakti, Arm. aucanem/audzanem, Ir. /imb, Lat. unguō, Umbrian umtu, Old Prussian anctan, Gm. ancho/, Welsh ymenyn
work Lat. orbus, Arm. orb/orp, Ir. orbe/, Skr. arbha, Hitt. arpa, Gk. orphanos, Gm. arbeit/Arbeit, Eng. earfoð/--, OCS rabŭ, Polish robota, Russ. rebënok, Gaul. Orbius, Goth. arbi, ON arfr, Lith. irbu
to protrude Gk. oura, Arm. or, Hitt. arras, Eng. ears/arse, Ir. err/earr, Gm. ars/Arsch, ON ars
testicle Gk. orkhēs, Arm. ordzik'/orcik', Ir. uirge/, Lith. aržilas, Ltv. ērzelis, Av. ərəzi, Alb. herdhe
multicolored, reddish Lith. ieva, Ltv. ieva, Eng. īw/yew, Gm. īwa/Eibe, ON ýr, Gk. oiē, Gaul. ivo, Ir. éo/eó, Welsh iwen, Russ. iva
navel Lat. umbilīcus, Skr. nabhya, Av. nāba, Ltv. naba, Gm. nabalo/Nabel, Eng. nafela/navel, ON nafli, Gk. omphalos, Ir. imbliu/imleacán, Kashmiri naf, Old Prussian nabis, Pers. /nāf
nail Gk. onukhos, Lat. unguis, Skr. aghri, Gm. nagel/Nagel, OCS noguti, Russ. nogot', Lith. nagas, Ltv. nags, Av. nakhara, Arm. ełgungn/yeġung/yeġunk, Welsh ewin, Eng. nægl/nail, Pers. /nāxun, Ir. inga/ionga
eye Lat. oculus, OCS oko, Russ. oko, Toch. ak/ek, Arm. akn/ač'k'/ač'k', Skr. akan, Gk. ophthalmos, Eng. ēge/eye, Gm. ouga/Auge, Goth. augo, Alb. sy, Lith. akis, Ltv. acs, Kamviri âč, Ir. enech/oineach, Welsh enep, ON auga, Polish oko, Old Prussian ackis
eagle Gm. arn/Aar, Arm. arciv/ardziv, Eng. earn/erne, Gk. orneon, Russ. orel, Lith. erelis, Ltv. ērglis, Hitt. aran, Polish orzeł, Welsh eryr, ON ari, Goth. ara, Alb. orë, Old Prussian arelis, Ir. irar/
bone Lat. os; costa, Alb. asht, Gk. ostoun, Russ. kost'; ostov, Skr. asthan, Av. asti, Hitt. astāi, Welsh asgwrn, Kamviri âi, Pers. /ostexān, Polish kość, Toch. /ásta, Arm. oskr/voskr/vosgr, Luw. āš
sheep Russ. ovca, Lith. avis, Ltv. avs, Skr. avika, Eng. ēowu/ewe, Gm. ouwi/Aue, Goth. awēþi, ON ǽr, Gk. ois, Ir. ói/, Hitt. awi, Luw. āwi-, Welsh ewig, Toch. --/āuw, Arm. hoviv, Polish owca, Lat. ovis, Umbrian uvem, Old Prussian awins, Lyc. xabwa
to straighten Lat. regere, Gk. oregein, Eng. riht/right, Gm. reht/recht, ON réttr, Goth. raihts, Thrac. rhesus, Toch. räk/räk, Arm. arcvi/ardzvi; "ruler, king": Skr. rājan, Oscan regaturei, Lat. rēx, Gaul. rīx, Ir. ríg/rígh, Welsh rhi, Av. raz, Pers. /rahst,
harvest Russ. osen', Old Prussian assanis, Eng. earnian/earn, Goth. asans, Gm. aran/Ernte, ON nn, Gk. opōra, Polish jesień, Lat. annōna, Arm. ashun
ash Lat. ornus, Lith. uosis, Ltv. osis, Russ. osina, Gm. asc/Esche, Eng. æsc/ash, Old Prussian woasis, ON askr, Welsh onnen, Alb. ah, Arm. hac'i, Gk. akherōis/

ḱ

RootMeaningDerivatives
branch Arm. čyuġ/jyuġ, Lith. šaka, Ltv. saka, Skr. śākhā, Russ. soxa, Alb. thekë, Goth. hōha, Kamviri coa, Old Prussian sagnis, Ir. gēc/gēag, Gm. huohili/ , Pers. /šāxe(h)
reed Gk. kalamos, Lat. culmus, Toch. kulmãts/, Eng. healm/haulm, Ltv. salms, Old Prussian salme, Russ. soloma, ON halmr, Gm. halm/Halm, Ir. /giolcach (-cach being diminutive suffix)
gray Lat. cānus, Skr. śaśa, Gm. hasu/; haso/Hase, Old Prussian sasins, Eng. hasu/; hara/hare, ON hss; heri, Welsh ceinach, Pashto soe
battle OCS kotora, Gaul. catu, Eng. heaþu, Gm. hathu/, Skr. śātayati, ON hoð, Ir. cath/cath, Welsh cad, Toch. /keta
hate Eng. hete/hate, Gm. haz/haß, Goth. hatis, ON hatr, Skr. riśadas, Av. sādra/, Gk. kēdos, Oscan cadeis amnud, Ir. caiss/cais, Welsh câs
warm, cold Ltv. silt, Lith. šilti, Ir. clithe/, Welsh clyd, ON hlǽr, Eng. hlēow/lukewarm, Gm. lāo/lau, Skr. śiśira, Av. sarəta, Osset. sald, Pers. /sard, Lat. calēre, Kurd. šíle/kul/germ
horn Lat. cerĕbrum, Russ. čerep, Old Prussian kerpetis, Gk. kare, Av. sarah, Skr. śiras, Arm. sar, Bret. kern, Gm. hirni/Hirn, ON hjarni, Pers. /sar, Toch. /krāñi, Osset. sær, Alb. krye
piebald Gk. kerberos, Skr. śarvara, Russ. sobol', Ir. corbaim/, Lith. kirba
heart Lat. cor, Skr. hdaya, Av. zərədā, Hitt. karts, Lyc. kride, Palaic kart-, Gk. kardia, Eng. heorte/heart, OCS srĭdĭce, Russ. serdce, Lith. širdis, Ltv. sirds, Old Prussian seyr, Arm. sird/sirt, Welsh craidd, Kamviri zâra, Ir. cride/croidhe, Polish serce, Gm. herza/Herz, Goth. hairto, ON hjarta, Osset. zærdæ
to mix Eng. hrēr/rare, Gm. hruoren/rühren, ON hrǿra, Skr. śrāyati, Av. sar, Gk. kratēr
cherry Gk. kerasos/keradion, Lith. šermukšlė, Ltv. cērmaukša, Russ. čerëmuxa
horn Lat. cervus; cornūs,, Russ. serna, Eng. horn/horn, Skr. śiras, Av. srvā, Gk. keras, Welsh corn, Kamviri i, Gm. horn/Horn, Goth. haurn, ON horn, Hitt. karawar, Osset. sykha/, Arm. sar, Lith. širšė, Ltv. sirsis, Old Prussian sirwis, Alb. sorkadh; ka, Russ. korova, Gaul. karnuks, Ir. corn/corn, Pers. /šāx, Polish krowa, Kurd. ser
to run Lat. currō, Gaul. carros, Gk. epikouros, Welsh carrog, Ir. carr/, Toch. kursär/kwasär, Gm. horsk/, ON horskr, Eng. horsc/
northwind Russ. sever, Lith. šiaurys, Arm. c'urt/c'urd, Eng. scūr/shower, Gm. scūr/Schauer, Goth. skura, ON skúr, OCS severu
pea Lat. cicer, Arm. sisen, Gk. krios, Lith. kekė
to lean Lat. clīnō, Ir. clóin/, Gk. klinē, Eng. hleonian/lean, Arm. le, Lith. šlieti, Ltv. sliet, Russ. sloj, Skr. śrayati, Av. srinu, Gm. hlīnen/lehnen, Welsh clwyd, Old Prussian slayan, Toch. kälyme/kälymiye, Goth. hlain, ON hlein
to steal Lat. clepō, Gk. kleptō, Arm. goġnal/koġnal, Goth. hlifan, Ir. cluain/, Old Prussian auklipts, Lith. slėpti, Ltv. slēpt
clean Lat. cloāca, Gk. kludōn, Gaul. Cluad, Eng. hlūttor/, Lith. šluoti, Ltv. slaumi, Russ. sleza, Welsh clir, Gm. hlūttar/lauter, Goth. hlūtrs, ON hlér, OCS slĭza
to hear Lat. cluēre, Gaul. clu, Gk. kleos, Illyr. cleves, Lith. klausyti; šlovė, Ltv. klausīt, OCS slovo, Russ. slovo, Skr. śru, Av. surunaoiti, Gm. hlut/laut, Eng. hlud/loud, Toch. klyos, ON hljóðr, Goth. hliuþ, Toch. klāw/klāw, Arm. lu, Alb. quhem, Polish słowo
buttock Lat. clūnis, ON hlaun, Kamviri slaunis, Skr. śroi, Av. sraoni, Welsh clun, Lith. šlaunis
hundred Lat. centum, Lith. šimtas, Ltv. simts, Gm. hunt/hundert, Eng. hundred/hundred, Goth. hund, ON hundrað, Gk. hekaton, Av. sata, Gaul. cantam, Ir. cét/cead, Kashmiri śath, Osset. sædæ, Pers. /sad, OCS sŭto, Polish sto, Russ. sto, Skr. śata, Av. satem, Toch. känt/kante, Welsh cant
shell Lat. conguius, Gk. kogkhos, Skr. śakha
shoulder Lat. cubitus, Alb. sup, Gm. huf/Hüfte, Eng. hype/hip, Gk. kubos, Av. supti, Skr. śupti, Goth. hups, Welsh gogof, Pers. /šāne
holy Lith. šventas, Ltv. svinēt, Russ. svjatoj, Av. spanyah, Goth. hunsl, Polish święty, Old Prussian swints, ON hunsl, Eng. hūsel/housel, OCS svętŭ, Kurd. khawén
dog Lat. canis, Gk. kuōn/, Arm. šun, Phryg. kunes, Toch. ku/ku, Gaul. cuna, Eng. hund/hound, Skr. śvan, Av. spā, Russ. suka, Polish suka; kundel(?), Gm. hunt/Hund, Kashmiri hūn, Lith. šuo, Ltv. suns, Old Prussian sunis, Thrac. dinu-, Goth. huns, ON hundr, Welsh ci, Ir. cū/cú, Hitt. śuwanis, Lyd. kan-, Dacian kinu-, Alb. shakë, Pers. /sag
grass Gk. koina, Arm. xot/xod, Lith. šienas, Ltv. siens, Russ. seno, Polish siano
crow Alb. sorrë, Lith. šarka, Gk. koraks, Russ. soroka, Skr. śāri, Lat. cornīx, Umbrian curnāco

k

RootMeaningDerivatives
one-eyed Lat. caecus, Skr. kekara, Lith. keikti, Gk. kaikias, Ir. caech/, Welsh coeg, Goth. haihs, Polish Kajko
whole Welsh coel, Gm. heil/heil, Eng. hālig/holy, ON heilagr, Goth. hailags, OCS cĕlŭ, Russ. celyĭ, Old Prussian kailūstiskan, Polish cały
excrement Lat. cacāre, Russ. kakat', Gk. kakkaō, Arm. k'akor/k'agor, Ir. cacc/cac, Gm. /Kacke, Welsh cach, Lith. kaka, Pers. /keke(h)
handsome Skr. kalya, Gk. kallos
to sing Gk. kanakheō/, Ir. canim/, Russ. kanyuk, Goth. hana, Eng. hen/hen, Gm. hano/Hahn, ON hani; hœna, Welsh canu, Pers. /āvāz xāndan, Lat. canō, Umbrian kanetu, Kurd. xwéndin/wenín
corner Gk. kanthos, Lat. cantus, Gaul. kantem, Goth. cant, Russ. kut, Polish kant; kąt, Lith. kampas
goat Skr. kaptha, Gk. kapros, Lat. caper, Umbrian kabru, Gaul. cabros, Ir. gabor/, Welsh gafr, ON hafr, Eng. hæfer/, Gm. habaro/Haber
head Skr. kapucchala, Lat. caput, Eng. heafod/head, Gm. houbit/Haupt, ON haufuð, Goth. haubiþ
cub Lat. catulus, Umbrian katel, Russ. kotit'sja, ON haðna, Ir. cadla/
hook Lith. kengė, Pers. /čang, Ir. ailcheng/, Russ. kogot', Eng. hoc/hook, ON haki; hnk, Gm. hâco/Haken
to fume Gk. kedros, Skr. kadru, Lith. kadagys, Ltv. kadags, OCS kadilo, Russ. čad, Old Prussian kadegis
wax Gk. kēros, Lith. korys, Ltv. kāre, Ir. /céir, Lat. cēra
glue Gk. kolla, Lith. klijai, Russ. klej, Polish klej
kneecap Skr. kañkāla, Lith. kenkle, Ltv. cinksla, Eng. hēla/heel, ON hǽll
to pluck Gk. karpos, Lat. carpere, Eng. hærfest/harvest, Ir. carr/, Welsh par, Goth. aírban, ON hverfa, Toch. kārp/kärp, Gm. hwerban/werben, Lith. kirpti
maple Russ. klën, Polish klon, ON hlynr, Lith. klevas, Ltv. kļava, XMK klinotrokhon, Eng. hlin/linn, Welsh celyn
louse Russ. gnida, Polish gnida, Ltv. gnīda, Welsh nedd, Gm. hniz/Nisse, Gk. konis, Alb. thërijë/thëni, Arm. anic/anidz, Ir. /sned, Eng. hnitu/nit
to succeed Gaul. Vercobius, Ir. cob/, Eng. gehæp/, ON happ, OCS kobĭ, Russ. kob', Toch. akappi/
naked Ir. cóil/, Welsh cul, Ltv. kails
with Lat. cum, Ir. com-/, Eng. ge-/--, gemōt/gemot, Gm. ga-/ge-, Goth. ga-, ON g-, Gk. koinos, Russ. k, Polish k, OCS kŭ
onion Gk. kremuon, Ir. crem/creamh, Eng. hramsan/ramson, Lith. kermušė, Ltv. cermaukša;cērmūkslis, Russ. čeremša, Welsh craf
blood Skr. kravis, Lat. cruor, Lith. kraujas, Ltv. krevele, OCS kruvi, Russ. krov', Ir. cró/creo, Gk. kreas, ON hrár, Av. xrūva, Welsh crau, Polish krew, Gm. hrāo/roh, Old Prussian crauyo, Eng. hrēaw/raw
leg Alb. krah, Lith. kirkaliai, OCS kraka, Russ. okorok, Skr. kiku
milk Lith. sviestas, Ltv. sviests, Skr. kvidyati, Av. xšvīd
to boil Skr. kupyati, Lat. cupere, Lith. kvepėti, Ltv. kvēpēt, Russ. kipet', Alb. kapit, Gk. kapnos, ON hvap, Toch. kāp/kāp, Old Prussian kupsins, OCS kypĕti, Goth. afapjan, Hitt. kup
to cough Skr. kasāte, Ir. /casachdach, Russ. kašljat', Lith. kosėti, Ltv. kāsēt, Gm. huosto/Husten, ON hósta, Kamviri kâsa, Polish kaszleć, Alb. kollje, Welsh pas, Toch. /kosi, Eng. hwōsta/
sour Skr. kvathas, Lat. cāseus, OCS kvasŭ, Russ. kvas, Ltv. kūsāt, Alb. cos, Polish kwas, Goth. aþō, Eng. hwaþerian/
war Lith. karas, Ltv. kaŗš, Gk. koiranos, Ir. cuire/, Gm. heri/Heer, Eng. herebeorg/harbour, Russ. kara, Polish kara, ON herr, Goth. harjis, Gaul. Tricorii, Pers. kāra/kārzār, Old Prussian kargis, Kurd. šer
hazel Lat. corulus, Lith. kasulas, Eng. hæsel/hazel, ON hasl, Gm. hasal/Hasel, Ir. coll/coll, Welsh collen

kʷ

RootMeaningDerivatives
Enclitic "and" Lat. -que, Goth. -u(h), Gk. -te, Skr. ca, Lyc. -ke, Luw. -ku
quiet Lat. quiēs, ON hvīla, Eng. hwil/while, Gm. hwila/Weile, Goth. eila, OCS počiti, Russ. počit', Skr. ciram, Av. šāitiš, Pers. šiyātiš/šāh, Lyc. tezi, Toch. /śāte, Polish odpoczywać, Arm. hangč'im/hankč'im, Lith. tylus
four Lat. quattuor, Arm. č'ork'/č'ors/č'ors, Alb. katër/katër, Lith. keturi, Ltv. četri, Gaul. petor, Gm. feor/vier, Eng. fēower/four, Gk. tessares, Av. čaθwar, Ir. cethir/ceahair, Kashmiri tsor, Kamviri što, Oscan petora, ON fjórir, Old Prussian keturjāi, Osset. cyppar/cuppar, Pers. /čahār, OCS četyri, Polish cztery, Russ. četyre, Skr. catur, Toch. śtwar/śtwer, Thrac. ketri-, Umbrian petor, Goth. fidwor, Welsh pedwar, Lyc. teteri, Kurd. čwar
to buy Skr. krīāti, Lith. kraitis, Ltv. kriens, Ir. crenaim/, Russ. krenut', Toch. kuryar/käry, Gk. priamai, Arm. gnel/knel, Welsh prynu
body Lat. corpus, Skr. kpā, Av. kərəfš, Alb. shkrep, Gm. href/, Eng. hrif/midriff, Gk. prapis, Welsh corff, Ir. crí/ , Russ. krup
grub Skr. kmi, Lith. kirmis, Ltv. cērme, Alb. krimb/krymb, Ir. cruim/, OCS čermnyi, Russ. červ', Welsh pryf, Osset. kalm, Pers. /kirm, Old Prussian girmis
wheel Gk. kuklos, Lat. colus, Toch. kukäl/kokale, Skr. cakra, Russ. koleso, Eng. hwēol/wheel, Pers. čarka/čarx, Ir. cul/--, Old Prussian kelan, Osset. calx/, Polish koło, Av. čaxra, Alb. sjell, ON hjōl, Lith. kelias, Luw. kaluti-

l

RootMeaningDerivatives
left (direction) Lat. laevus, Gk. laios, Russ. levyj, Illyr. Levo, Eng. lw/, Lith. išlaivoti, Polish lewy, ON lǽn, Gm. lēwes/, OCS lĕvŭ
salmon Toch. laks/läks, ON lax, Lith. lašiša, Ltv. lasis, Russ. losos', Polish łosoś, Gm. lahs/Lachs, Eng. leax/--, Old Prussian lalasso
pond Gk. lakkos, Lat. lacus, Gm. lagu/, Ir. loch/loch, Arm. lič/lij , Eng. lagu/--, Lith. lekmenė, ON lgr, Serb. lokva
eager Skr. laati, Lat. lascīvus, Russ. laska, Lith. lokšnus, Eng. lust/lust, Gm. lust/Lust, Goth. lustus, ON lyst, Gk. lilaiomai, Ir. lainn/
swamp Gk. lataks, Lith. Latupė, Ltv. Late, Gaul. Arelate, Ir. lathach/lathach, Gm. letto/letten, Welsh llaid
lip Lat. labĭum, Gm. /Lippe; lefs/Lefze Eng. lippa/lip, Welsh llefaru, Russ. lobzat', Pers. /lab, Lith. lūpa, Kurd. léw
to lie down Lat. lectus, OCS ležati, Russ. ležat', Gk. lekhethai/, Gm. liggan/liegen, Ir. lige/luighe, Welsh gwely, Eng. lecgen/lie, Polish leżeć, Gaul. legasit, ON liggja, Goth. ligan, Toch. lake/leke, Lith. lagaminas, Ltv. lagača
to pour, wash Gk. lousis, Lat. lavare, Gaul. lautro, Arm. loganam/lokanam, Hitt. lahhu- 'to pour', Gm. louga/Lauge, Eng. lēðran/lather, ON laug, Ir. lóathar/, Welsh luddw
cow Alb. lopë, Ir. lāeg, Welsh llo
to pour Gk. leibó, Skr. riyati, Hitt. lilái-, Alb. lise", Goth. leithu, Lith. lieti, Old Prussian isliuns, OCS liti, Russ. lit', Polish lac', Ir. lie/ Kurd. rijyan
to jump Gk. elelizdō/, Lith. laigyti; liuoksėti, Goth. laiks, Gm. leih/Leich, Skr. rejati, Pers. /ālēxtan, Eng. lāc/--, ON leikr
to leave Lat. linquō, Lith. likti, Ltv. likt, Ir. léicid/, Gm. līhan/leihen, Arm. lk'anem, Gk. leipō, Skr. riakti, Av. raexnah, Pers. /rēxtan, Old Prussian polijcki, Russ. olek, Eng. lnan/lend, ON ljá, Goth. leian
to lick Lat. lingere, Skr. lehi, Ir. ligim/, Gk. leikhein, Arm. luzel, Russ. lizat', Gm. leckôn/lecken, Eng. liccian/lick, Kamviri liza, Polish lizać, Alb. lëpij, ON sleikja, Pers. /lēsēdan, Av. raēzate, Lith. laižyti, Ltv. laizīt, Welsh llywu, Goth. bilaigon, Kurd. lésínewe
kidney Gm. lenti/Lende, Eng. lenden/--, ON lend, Russ. ljadvie, Lat. lumbus
steppe Old Prussian lindan, Eng. land/land, ON land, Ir. land/lann, Welsh llan, OCS ledina, Russ. ljada, Polish ląd, Gm. /Land, Gaul. landa
lightweight Lat. levis, Alb. lehtë, Gk. elakhistos, Skr. laghu, Av. ragu, Russ. lëgkij, Lith. lengva, Ltv. liegs, Old Prussian lāngiseilingins, Goth. līhts, Eng. lēoht/light, Gm. līht/leicht, ON lēttr, Toch. /lankŭtse, Ir. lugu/lugha, Welsh llai, OCS lĭgŭkŭ, Polish lekki, Russ. lëgkij, Welsh lai, Kashmiri lo.t
to love Russ. ljubit', Skr. lubhyati, Eng. lufu/love, Lith. liaupsė, Alb. lum, Gm. liob/Liebe, Polish lubić, ON ljúfr, Goth. liufs, Lat. libido, Oscan loufit, OCS ljubŭ
people Lat. līber, Lith. liaudis, Ltv. ļaudis, OCS ljudĭje, Russ. ljud, Gk. eleutheros, Ir. luss/, Skr. rodhati, Av. raoða, Gm. liut/Leute, Polish lud, ON ljóðr, Alb. lind, Oscan Lúvfreís, Welsh llysiau, Goth. liudan, Eng. lēod/, Old Prussian ludis
to tell a lie Eng. lyge/lie, Gm. liogan/lügen, ON ljúga, Goth. liugan, Lith. lugoti, OCS lŭgati, Russ. lgat', Welsh llu, Ir. luige/, Polish łgać
bright; light OCS luci, Russ. lug, Skr. rocate, Gk. leukos, Eng. lēoht/light, Gm. lioht/licht, Kamviri luka, Goth. liuhaþ, ON leygr, Toch. luk, Oscan Lúvkis, Umbrian Vuvçis, Welsh llug, Ir. loscaim/loiscim, Lat. lux, Lith. lauka, Ltv. lauks, Hitt. lalukkes, Lyc. luga, Luw. luha-, Arm. loys, Kamviri uč, Gaul. leux, Av. raočant
lynx Gk. lugks, Lith. lūšis, Ltv. lūsis, Old Prussian luysis, Gm. luhs/Luchs, Eng. lox/--, Russ. rys', Polish ryś, Arm. lusanun, Ir. lug/
to break Gk. lugros/, Alb. lungë, Arm. lucanel/ludzanel, Ir. lucht/, Gm. /Lücke; /Luke, Lith. laužti, Ltv. lauzt, Skr. rujati, Av. uruxti, Welsh llwyth, Eng. tōlūcan/
flax Lat. līnum, Gk. linon, Lith. linas, Ltv. lini, Old Prussian linno, Ir. lín/líon, Alb. liri/lîni, Goth. lein, Polish len, Russ. lën, Welsh llin, Eng. lin/linen, Gm. lin/Leinen, ON lín, OCS lĭnŭ
louse Lith. liulė, Welsh llau, Eng. lūs/louse, Gm. lūs/Laus, ON lús
to acquire Gk. leia, Goth. laun, OCS lovŭ, Russ. lovit', Ir. lúag/, Welsh llawen, Gm. lōn/Lohn, Lith. lavinti, ON laun, Eng. lēan/, Skr. lotam, Polish łowić

m

RootMeaningDerivatives
to be able Pers. magus/, Lith. magėti, Ltv. megt, Eng. meaht/might; mæg/may, OCS mog, Gm. magan/mögen, Polish mogę, ON mega, Russ. moč', Skr. magha, Toch. mokats/, Gk. mēkhos, Goth. magan, Arm. mart'ans
young Goth. magus, Gaul. Magurīx, Ir. maug/, Av. maġava, Alb. makth, Ltv. mač, Gm. magad/Magd, Eng. mægð/maid, Welsh meudwy, ON mgr
pouch Lith. maišas, Ltv. maks, Ir. mén/, Welsh megin, Gm. mago/Magen, Eng. maga/maw, ON magi, OCS mosina, Russ. mošna, Polish moszna, Old Prussian dantimax
hand Gk. mane, Lat. manus, Eng. mund/--, Gm. munt/Vormund
horse Gaul. markan, Ir. marc/marcach, Welsh march, Eng. mere/mare, Gm. marah/Mähre, ON marr
mattock Lat. mateola, Skr. matya, Russ. motyga, Polish motyka, Gm. modela, Gaul. matog, Welsh matog
me Alb. mua, Lat. me, Umbrian mehe, Eng. mec/me, Gm. mih/mich, Ir. mé/mé, Russ. menja;mne;mnoj, Hitt. ammuk, Lyc. amu, Lyd. amu, Goth. mik, ON mik;mér, Polish mi;mię;mnie, Gk. eme, Skr. mam, Av. mam, Welsh mi, Pers. /man, Venetic mego, Lith. man, Kurd. (i)m(in)
to advise Lat. meditor, Welsh meddu, Gk. medomai, ON meta, Eng. mtig/empty, Arm. mit/mid, Skr. masti, Av. azdā, Pers. azdā/, Umbrian meřs, Oscan meddiss, Av. midiur/, Toch. mem/maim, Goth. mitan, Gm. mezzan/
mead Skr. madhu, OCS medŭ, Russ. med, Lith. medus, Ltv. medus, Eng. meodu/mead, Gk. methu, Av. maðu, Kamviri mura, Kashmiri mäch, Polish miód, Welsh medd, Toch. mit, Gm. metu/Met, ON mjðr, Ir. mid/, Old Prussian meddo, Osset. mydy, Luw. maddu-
between Gaul. Mediolānum, Eng. ælemidde/middle, Russ. meždu, Gm. mitti/Mitte, Skr. madhya, Kamviri pâmüč, Goth. midjis, ON meðal, Polish między, Illyr. metu, Lith. medis, Ltv. mežs, Arm. mēj/mēč, Oscan mefiaí, Pers. /mēān, Old Prussian median, Lat. medium, Oscan mefiaí, Welsh mewnin, Ir. mid/, Av. maiðya, OCS mežda
moon, month Gk. mēn, Toch. mañ/meñe, Lat. mēnsis, Eng. mōna/moon, OCS meseci, Polish miesiąc, Russ. mesjac, Skr. māsa, Arm. amis, Av. maoh, Ir. mí/mí, ON mani, Gm. mano/Mond, Goth. mena, Alb. muaj, Lith. mėnuo, Ltv. meness, Welsh mis, Kamviri mos, Pers. /māh, Osset. mæj, Old Prussian menig, Kurd. mang
small Hitt. meiu-, Lat. minor, Gk. meiōn, OCS mĭnii, Russ. menee, Gm. min/minder, Goth. mins, ON minnr, Skr. mināti, Oscan menvum, Toch. /maiwe, Eng. min/, Luw. mawa
to change Lat. mūnus, Eng. gemne/mean, Gm. gimeini/gemein, Goth. gamains, Skr. menis, OCS mĕna, Russ. menjat', Lith. mainyti, Ltv. mains, Ir. móin/, Skr. mayaite, Welsh mwyn, Polish zmiana, Av. maēni
to urinate Skr. mehati, Av. maēsati, Lith. myžti, Ltv. mīzt, Russ. mezga, Arm. mizel, Toch. --/miśo, Gk. omeihein, ON míga, Goth. maihstus, Eng. māsc/mash, Gm. /Maisch; miskan/mischen, Lat. mingere, Kurd. méz
lightning Old Prussian mealde, Lith. milna, Russ. molnija
to grind, rub, break up OCS melję, Russ. melju, Lith. malti, Ltv. malt, Toch. malyw-/mely-, Eng. melo/meal, Alb. miell, Arm. malem, Gk. mulos, Goth. malan, ON mala, Gm. malan/mahlen, Lat. molere, Umbrian kumaltu, Welsh malu, Ir. melim/meilim, Hitt. malla, Polish mleć
wet->milk Lith. malkas, Ltv. malks, Gk. melkion, OCS mlĕko, Russ. moloko, Polish mleko
to milk Lat. mulgeō, Eng. melcan/milk, Gm. melcan/melken, Goth. miluks, ON mjölk, Toch. malke/malkwer, Gk. amelgō, Ir. bligim/, Welsh blith, Lith. melžti, Russ. molozivo, Skr. marjati, Alb. mjel
flesh Skr. māsa, Lat. membrum, Old Prussian mensā, Goth. mimz, Russ. mjaso, Alb. mish, Arm. mis, Toch. /mīsa, Gk. mēnigks, Kashmiri maz, Lith. mėsa, Ltv. miesa, Ir. mír/mír
mind Gk. menos, Lat. mēns, Skr. manas, Av. manah, Eng. gemynd/mind, Goth. muns, ON minni; man, Gm. minna/Minne, Lith. mintis, Ltv. minēt, Old Prussian mēntimai, OCS mineti, Russ. mnit', Arm. mitk'/midk', Alb. mund, Pers. mainyāhay/, Toch. mnu/mañu, Ir. dermet/dearmad, Welsh cof
to die Lat. mortŭus, OCS mrĭtvŭ, Russ. meret', Lith. mirti, Ltv. mirt, Skr. marati, Av. miryeite, Arm. menil, Gk. brotos, Eng. morþor/murder, Gm. mord/Mord, ON morð, Goth. maurþr, Gaul. marvos, Kamviri me, Osset. maryn/, Polish mord; umrzeć, Ir. marb/marbh, Welsh marw, Pers. amariyata/mordan, Hitt. mer, Kurd. mirin
great Gk. megas, Lat. magnus, Arm. mec/medz, Illyr. mag, Gaul. Magiorīx, Alb. madh, Skr. mahayati, Toch. māk/mākā, Goth. mikils, Phryg. meka-, Eng. micil/much, ON mikill, Av. mazant, Pers. /meh, Hitt. makkes, Ir. mochtae/, Welsh Maclgwn, Gm. mihhil/-- Kurd. mezin
fee Skr. mīha, Av. mīžda, Goth. mizdō, Russ. mzda, Gk. misthos, Gm. mieta/Miete, Pers. /muzd, Eng. mēd/meed, OCS mĭzda
neck Skr. manyā, Lat. monīle, Eng. manu/mane, Gm. mana/Mähne, Ir. muin/muin, Gk. mannon, Russ. monisto, Welsh mwnwgl, Gaul. maniakēs, ON mn, Av. minu
blackberry Gk. moron, Arm. mori, Lat. mōrum, Hitt. muri, Ir. smér/smeur, Welsh mwyaren
bog Lat. mare, Polish morze, Russ. more, Gaul. Aremorici, Lith. marios, Ltv. mare, Skr. maryādā, Eng. mersc/marsh, Gm. meri/Meer, Old Prussian mary, Welsh môr, Ir. muir/muir, Goth. marei, Alb. përmjerr
ant Lat. formīca, Ir. moirb/, Av. maoiri, Skr. vamra, Gk. murmēs, ON maurr, Crimean Gothic miera, Arm. mrjiun/mrčiun, Polish mrówka, Alb. morr, Pers. /murče, OCS mravie, Russ. murovej, Toch. /warme, Kurd. Mérú
brain Russ. mozg, Av. mazga, Skr. majjan, Kashmiri massunt, Old Prussian musgeno, Gm. marag//Mark, Pers. /maġz, Polish mózg, Toch. mäśśunt/, Lith. smagenės, Ltv. smadzenis, Eng. mearg/marrow, ON mergr, Kurd. méšk
short Lat. brevis, Av. mərəzujiti, Gm. murgi/, Eng. mirige/merry, Gk. brakhus, Gk. gamaúrgjan
fly Lith. musė, Ltv. muša, Lat. musca, Russ. muxa, Gm. mucka/Mücke, Eng. mycg/midge, Alb. mizë, Gk. muia, Arm. mun, Kashmiri ma.čh, OCS mŭšĭ, Polish mucha, ON mý, Pers. /magas, Old Prussian muso
mouse Skr. mū, Av. mus, Lat. mūs, Gk. mūs, Russ. myš', Arm. muk/mug, Alb. mi, Gm. mus/Maus, Eng. mūs/mouse, Kamviri musa, Pers. /muš, ON mús, Polish mysz, Lith. musė
mother Arm. mayr, Alb. motër, Lith. motina, Ltv. māte, Old Prussian mūti, Gaul. mātir, Ir. máthir/máthair, Kashmiri mā.j, Lat. māter, Oscan maatreís, Umbrian matrer, Gk. mētēr, Russ. mat', Skr. māt, Av. mātar, Toch. mācar/mācer, Gm. muoter/Mutter, Eng. mōdor/mother, Welsh modryb, Kamviri motr, ON móðir, Pers. /mādar, Phryg. mater, Osset. mad/madæ, Polish matka, OCS mati
person Skr. manu, Av. Manuščiθra, Eng. mann/man, Gm. man/Mann, Goth. manna, ON maðr, OCS mžĭ, Russ. muž, Lith. žmogus, Kamviri mânša, Pers. /mard, Polish mąż, Kurd. mér
honey Gk. melitos, Lat. mel, Arm. meġr, Alb. mjaltë, Gaul. Melissus, Ir. mil/, Goth. miliþ, Eng. mildēaw/mildew, Gm. milltou/Mehltau, Welsh mêl, Hitt. milit, Luw. mallit-, Palaic malit-
my, mine Kurd. ímin Eng. /mine, Gm /mein
(animal) hide Lith. maišas, Ltv. maiss, Skr. mea, Av. maēša, ON meiss, Russ. mex, Gm. meissa/, Old Prussian moasis, Alb. meshinë; mill

n

RootMeaningDerivatives
cloud Lat. nebŭlō, OCS nebo, Russ. nebo, Skr. nabhas, Gk. nephos, Hitt. nepiš, Lyc. tabahaza, Luw. tappaš-, Gm. nebul/Nebel, Eng. nifol/--, Welsh nef, Kamviri niru, Polish niebo, Lith. debesis, Ltv. debess, Av. nabah, Ir. nem/neamh, ON niflhel
snake Lat. natrix, Eng. nddre/adder, Gm. natara/Natter, Welsh neidr, Goth. nadrs, ON naðr, Ir. nathir/nathair
corpse Toch. nut/naut, Goth. naus, OCS navi, Russ. nav'/, Welsh newyn, Gm. not/, ON nār, Eng. néo-/--, Old Prussian nowis, Lith. novyti, Ltv. nāve, Ir. núne/
to wash Lat. noegeum, Ir. nigim/nighim, ON nykr, Gm. nihhus/Nix, Gk. niptō, Skr. nenekti, Welsh enneint, Eng. nicor/
to winnow Lith. niekoti, Ltv. niekāt, Gk. neiklon, Welsh nithio
to allot/distribute Lat. numerus, Ir. nem/nimh, Gm. neman/nehmen, Gk. nemō, Goth. niman, ON nema, Lith. nuomas, Ltv. noma, Eng. niman/numb, Av. nəmah, Toch. /ñemek, Russ. nemoj
dead person, death Skr. naśyati, Av. nasyeiti, Gk. nekros, Lith. našlys, Lat. nex, Toch. näk/näk, Ir. éc/eug, Welsh angeu, ON Naglfar
down Skr. ni, Eng. niþera/nether-, Gm. nidar/nieder, ON niðr, Gk. neiothen, OCS nizu, Russ. niz
naked Eng. nacod/naked, Goth. naqaþs, Skr. nagna, Hitt. nekumant, Gk. gumnos, Lat. nūdus, Lith. nuogas, Ltv. nogs, Ir. nocht/, Gm. nackot/nackt, Polish nagi, ON nakinn, Av. maġna, Welsh noeth, OCS nagŭ, Russ. nagoj, Kashmiri nagay
night Gk. nuks, Lat. nox, Lith. naktis, Ltv. nakts, Gm. naht/Nacht, Skr. nakti, Hitt. nekuz 'of night' (< genitive *nekt-s), Russ. noč', Alb. natë, Ir. innocht/anochd, Toch. nakcu/nekcīye, Welsh nos, Eng. niht/night, Polish noc, Old Prussian naktin, Goth. nahts, ON nótt, OCS nosti
nine Arm. inn/inn/innĕ, Alb. nëntë/nândë, Lith. devyni, Ltv. deviņi, Gaul. navan, Gm. niun/neun, Eng. nigon/nine, Gk. ennea, Av. nauua, Ir. nói/naoi, Kashmiri nav, Lyc. ñuñtãta-, Kamviri nu, Lat. novem, Oscan nuven, ON níu, Old Prussian newīnjai, Pers. nava/noh, OCS devętĭ, Polish dziewięć, Russ. devjat', Skr. nava, Toch. ñu, Umbrian nuvim, Goth. niun, Welsh naw
swim "ship": Skr. nāu, Ir. nau/, Gk. naus, Lat. nāvis, Av. navāza, Pers. nāviyā/nav, Arm. nav, ON nōr, Osset. nau, Alb. anije, Welsh noe, Eng. nōwend/--
grandson/nephew Lat. nepōs, Skr. napāt, Av. napāt, Gk. anepsios/, Alb. nip, Russ. nestera, Eng. nefa/--, Gaul. nei, Gm. nevo/Neffe, Welsh nai, Kamviri nâvo, Pers. napā/nave, Lith. nepuotis, Ir. necht/; níath/, OCS nestera, Polish nieściora
now Alb. tani, Lith. nū, Ltv. nu, Gm. nu/nun, Lat. nunc, Eng. nū/now, Gk. nu/, Hitt. nu, Luw. nanun, ON nū, Pers. nūra/, Old Prussian teinu, Skr. nū, Toch. nu/nano, Goth. nu, Old Church Slavonic nu
new (full grade of nu "now".) Lat. novus, OCS novŭ, Russ. novyj, Gk. neos, Hitt. newa, Eng. nīwe/new, Skr. nava, Av. nava, Lith. naujas, Ltv. naujš, Gaul. Noviodūnum, Arm. nor, Gm. niuwi/neu, Kamviri nuĩ, Kashmiri nōv, Osset. nog/, Polish nowy, Welsh newydd, Pers. /now, Toch. ñu/ñuwe, Old Prussian nauns, Oscan Núvellum, Goth. niujis, Ir. nue/nua, ON nýr, Thrac. neos, Luw. nāwa
nest secondary root, from ni- + sed. OCS gnĕzdo, Russ. gnezdo, Eng. nest/nest, Arm. nist, Skr. nidas, Ir. net/net, Gm. nest/Nest, Polish gniazdo, Welsh nyth, Lat. nidus

p

RootMeaningDerivatives
solid Skr. pastyam, Gm. festi/fest, Eng. fæst/fast Arm. hast/hasd, Goth. fastan, ON fastr
breast Skr. pakas, Lat. pectus, Ltv. paksis, Russ. pax, Toch. päśśä/päšcane
to protect Skr. pāti, Toch. pās/pāsk, Gk. poimēn, Lat. pāstum, Gm. fuoten/Futter, Eng. fēdan/feed, Lith. piemuo, Goth. fōdjan; fōdr, Av. pāiti, Pers. xšaθrapāvan/, ON føða; fōðr
to drink Russ. pit'ë, Skr. pā, Gk. pinō, Alb. pi, Ir. ibim/ibhim, Welsh yfed, Polish pić, Lith. puota, Old Prussian poutwei, Hitt. pas, Thrac. pinon, Arm. əmpelik'/əmbelik', Lat. pōtōāre, Umbrian puni, OCS pitijĭ
fish Lat. piscis, Ir. íasc/iasc, Goth. fisks, ON fiskr, Eng. fisc/fish, Gm. fisc/Fisch, Russ. peskar', Polish piskorz, Welsh pysgodyn
to cook Lat. coquere, Alb. pjek, Russ. peku, Skr. pacati, Toch. päk/päk, Welsh poeth, Gk. pepsis, Kamviri puk, Lith. kepti, Ltv. cept, OCS pek, Pers. /puxtan, Polish piekę, Old Prussian pektis, Eng. āfigen/
flour Old Prussian pelwo, Lat. palea, Skr. palāla, Lith. pelūs, Ltv. pelus, Russ. polova, Polish plewa
gray Alb. plak, Arm. alik', Skr. palita, Av. pouruša, Pers. /pūrū, XMK pellus, Gk. pelitnos, Lat. palleō, Ir. laith/, Welsh llwyd, Lith. pelekas, Ltv. pelēks, Old Prussian pele, Russ. pelësyj, ON flr, Gm. falo/, Eng. fealo/, Kurd. bor
skin Gk. pelos; pilon, Lat. pellis, Russ. pelena, Goth. fill, Gm. fël/Fell, Eng. filmen/film, Lith. plėnė, Ltv. plēne, Old Prussian pleynis, ON feldr
flat Hitt. pališ, Arm. lain, Lith. plōna, Ltv. plāns, Old Prussian plonis, Gaul. Arelicca, Ir. lár, Welsh llawr, Eng. feld/field, Gm. feld/feld, Gk. planēs; plassō, Skr. pthu, Av. fraθah, Lat. plānus, Polish płaski, Russ. ploskij: nidar ploskŭ, OCS ploskŭ
road Lat. pontis, Gk. pontos, Skr. panthā, Av. pantå, Russ. put', Goth. finþan, Eng. findan/find, Gm. findan/finden, ON finna, Arm. hun, Kamviri put, Old Prussian pintis, Ir. /és, OCS ptĭ, Pers. paθim/
to fart Russ. perdet', Skr. pardate, Lith. persti, Ltv. pirst, Phryg. perdomai, Alb. pjerth;pordh, Eng. feortan/fart, Gm. ferzan/furzen, ON freta, Polish pierdzieć, Gk. perdein, Av. pərəðaiti, Welsh rhech
oak see Perkwunos. Lat. quercus, Lith. perkunas, Ltv. pērkons, Skr. parkatī, ON fura, Eng. furh/fir, Gm. foraha/Föhre, Welsh perth, Goth. faírguni
dust Toch. pärs/pärs, Av. paršuya, Lith. purkšti, Ltv. pārsla, ON fors, Hitt. pappars, Skr. psati, OCS praxŭ, Russ. prax
heel Lat. perna/pernis, Skr. pārni, Hitt. parsina, Goth. fairsna, Gm. fërsana/Ferse, Gk. ptera, Eng. fiersn/-- , Pers. /pāšne(h), Lith. pentinas
rib Lith. piršys, Skr. parśus, Av. parəsu, Osset. fars, OCS persi
penis Gk. peos, Lat. pēnis, Gm. faselt/Fasel, ON fösull, Eng. fæsl/--, Skr. pasas
to fly Eng. feðer/feather, Gm. fedarah/Feder, ON fjðr, Lat. petō, Skr. patati, Hitt. pattar, Gk. pteruks, Welsh eterin, Pers. udapatatā/, Arm. t'č'im, Ir. ette/iteóg, Welsh aden, Av. pataiti, Ltv. pētīt
to open arms Gk. petalon, Av. paθana, Eng. fæðm/fathom, ON faðmr, Gm. fadam/Faden, Scottish Gaelic aitheamh
wealth/cattle Gk. pekō, Lat. pandō, Lith. pekus, Old Prussian pecku, Skr. paśu, Av. pasu, Goth. faihu, Eng. feoh/fee, Alb. pilë, Gm. fihu/vieh, ON fé, Arm. asr
father Lat. pater, Oscan patír, Umbrian pater, Gk. patēr, Toch. pācar/pācer, Gaul. ātir, Skr. pit, Gm. fater/Vater, Ir. athir/athair, Eng. fæder/father, Welsh gwaladr, Kashmiri petū'r, Pers. pitā/pedar, Osset. fyd/, ON faðir, Goth. fadar, Gaul. Ateronius
vulva Russ. pizda, Lith. pyzda, Ltv. pīzda, Alb. pith
to hit Lat. plangō, Eng. flōk/fluke; flōcan/, Gk. plēttō, OCS plakati, Russ. plakat', Polish płakać, Lith. plakti, Ir. lén/, Goth. flōkan, ON flókinn, Gm. fluoh/Fluch
to plait/braid Gk. plekein, Lat. plectere, ON flétta, Goth. flahto, Gm. flehtan/flechten, Eng. fleohtan/--, Skr. praśna, Av. ərəzato frašnəm, OCS plesti, Russ. pletu, Polish pleść, Alb. plaf, Lith. pinti
lung Gk. pleumōn, Skr. kloman, Lith. plaučiai, Ltv. plaušas, Russ. pljuče, Old Prussian plauti, Serb. pluća
flea Lith. blusa, Ltv. blusa, Russ. bloxa, Polish pchła, Arm. lu, Skr. plui, Gk. psulla, Alb. plesht, Pashto vrāž.a, ON flo, Eng. flēah/flea, Gm. flōh/Floh
five Arm. hing/hing/hink, Alb. pesë/pesë, Lith. penki, Ltv. pieci, Gaul. pempe, Gm. fimf/fünf, Eng. fīf/five, Phryg. pinke, Gk. pente, Av. pača, Ir. cóic/cúig, Kashmiri pā.~tsh, Kamviri puč, Luw. panta, Oscan pompe, ON fimm, Old Prussian pēnkjāi, Osset. fondz/fondz, Pers. panča/panj, OCS pętĭ, Polish pięć, Russ. pjat', Skr. pañca, Toch. päñ/piś, Lat. quinque, Umbrian pumpe, Goth. fimf, Welsh pump
to breathe Gk. pneuma, ON fnysa, Eng. fnēosan/ Gm. fnehan/
foot Lith. pėda, Ltv. pēda, Lat. pēs, Umbrian peři, Skr. pāda, Eng. fōt/foot, Arm. votk'/vodk', Gk. podi, Alb. poshtë, Toch. pe/paiyye, Osset. fad/, Gm. fuoz/Fuß, OCS pēs, Russ. pešij, Polish pieszy, Old Prussian pe'da', Hitt. pata, Lyc. pede-, Luw. pati-, Av. pâdha, ON fótr, Goth. fotus, Pers. /pa, Gaul. candetum, XMK argiopus
foam Lat. pūmex, Lith. puta, Skr. phena, OCS pĕna, Polish piana, Russ. pena, Eng. fām/foam, Gm. feim/Feim, Osset. fink, Old Prussian spoayno
farrow Gk. porkos, Lat. porcus, Lith. paršas, Old Prussian parstian, Russ. porosja, Polish prosię; prosiak, Eng. fearh/farrow, Ir. orc/, Gm. farah/Ferkel, Umbrian purka, Kurdish purs, Saka pāsa, Gaul. orko
to like Skr. prīāti, OCS prĕj, Russ. prijat', Ltv. prieks, Gk. praos, Av. frā/, Goth. freis, Eng. frēond/friend, Gm. friunt/Freund, Polish przyjaźń(?); sprzyjać, ON Frigg, Welsh rhydd, Ir. ríar/
to jump Russ. prygat', Skr. pravate, Gm. frosc/Frosch, Eng. frogga/frog, ON froskr, Lith. šokt, Pers. /Paredan
to ask, to pray Lat. poscō, Toch. prak/prek, Skr. pcchati, OCS prositi, Russ. prosit', Lith. piršti, Ltv. pirslis, Gm. frāga/fragen; forscōn/forschen, Eng. frignan/--, ON fregna, Goth. fraihnan, Pers. /pursēdan, Av. pərəsaiti, Oscan aparsam/, Arm. harc'nel, Welsh archaf, Ir. /arco, Toch. pärk/pärk, Umbrian pepurkurent
foremost
(-> first) 		Alb. i parë Av. pairi, Lith. pirmas, Ltv. pirmais, Gm. furist/Fürst; fruo/früh, Eng. fyrst/first, Gk. prōtos, Hitt. para, Av. paoiriia, Ir. er/air, Kamviri pürük, Lyc. pri, OCS pĭrvŭ, Oscan perum, ON fyrstr, Old Prussian pariy, Osset. fyccag;farast/farast, Polish pierwszy, Russ. pervyj, Skr. prathama, Toch. parwät/parwe, Lat. primus, Umbrian pert, Welsh ar
breast Gk. stēthos, Arm. stin/sdin, Skr. stana, Av. fštāna, Lith. spenys, Ltv. spenis, ON speni, Gm. spunni/Spanferkel, Ir. sine/sine, Alb. gji, Old Prussian spenis, Pers. /pestan, Eng. spane/--
wheat Skr. pūra, Gk. puros/, Lith. pūrai, Ltv. pūŗi, Old Prussian pure, Eng. fyrs/furze, OCS pyre, Russ. pyrej
hair Skr. pula, Ir. ulcha/ulcha, Gk. puligges/ Kurd. purt
bonfire Hitt. paur, Toch. por/pūwar, Gk. pur, Umbrian pir, ON fúrr, Eng. fr/fire, Polish perz, Arm. hur, Gm. fiur/Feuer, Old Prussian panno, Oscan purasiai, Goth. fōn, Czech pýř

r

RootMeaningDerivatives
turnip Lat. rapum, OCS repa, Russ. repa, Lith. ropė, Gm. raba/Rübe, Gk. rhapus, Polish rzepa
to roof Gk. erephō, OCS rebro, Russ. rebro, Eng. ribb/rib, ON rif, Gm. ribba/Rippe, Polish żebro
to plait Lat. restis, Lith. regsti, Ltv. režģīt, OCS rozga, Russ. rozga, Skr. rajju, Eng. resc/, Polish rózga
wheel Lat. rota, Alb. rrath, Lith. ratas, Ltv. rats, Gaul. Rotomagus, Gm. rad/Rad, Eng. rodur/, Ir. /rath, Skr. ratha, Welsh rhod, Av. raθa, ON rðull

s

RootMeaningDerivatives
to laugh OCS smĕjǫ, Russ. smejat', Skr. smayate, Lith. smagintis, Ltv. smaids, Toch. smi/smi, Lat. mīrus, Gk. meidos, Ir. míad/, Polish śmiech, Eng. smearcian/smirk, OCS smĕj
to remember Eng. murnan/mourn, Skr. smarati, Av. smaraiti, Lat. memor, Ir. airmmert/, Welsh armerth, Gaul. Smerius, Goth. maúrnan, ON Mímir, Gm. mornēn/, Gk. mermeros, Arm. mormok'/mormos/mormos, Lith. pamiršti, Kurd. bír
to spin Ltv. snāte, Skr. snāyati, Ir. snáthat/snáthad, Eng. ndl/needle, Gm. nādala/Nadel, Goth. nēþla, ON nál, Russ. nit', Lat. neō, Gk. nēθō, Welsh nodwydd
bison Av. staora, Goth. stiur, Lith. tauras, Ltv. tauriņš, Gk. tauros, Gaul. Tarbos, OCS turu, Russ. tur, Polish tur, Eng. steor/steer, Gm. stior/Stier, Old Prussian tauris, Welsh tarw, ON stjórr, Lat. taurus, Oscan turuf, Alb. taroç, Ir. tarb/
to cover Gk. stégō, Lat. tegō, Skr. sthagati, Lith. stogas, Ltv. stags, Ir. tech/teach, Gm. thecken/decken, Eng. þæc/thatch, ON þekja, Russ. stog, Polish stóg, Old Prussian stogis, Umbrian tehteřim, Welsh ty
to hide Skr. stāyat, Av. tāyu, Russ. tajt', Ir. táid/, Hitt. tayezzi, Gk. tēusiē/, Toch. /enestai
sterile Gk. steira, Lat. sterilis, Arm. sterj/sderč, Alb. shtjerre, Gm. stero/, Skr. starī, Goth. stairō, Eng. stierc/, Bulg. sterica
thousand Skr. sahasram, Av. hazarəm, Pers. /hāzar, Gk. khilioi, Lat. mīlle, Toch. wälts/yaltse
to dry Alb. tha, Lith. sausa, Ltv. sauss, Old Prussian sausā, Eng. sēar/sear, Gm. sōrēn/--, Skr. śuyati, Av. haoš, Pers. uška/xošk, Russ. suxoj, Gk. hauos/, Lat. sūdus
to sit OCS sĕdĕti, Russ. sidet', Polish siedzieć, Lat. sedeō, Lith. sėdėti, Ltv. sēdēt, Gaul. essedum, Eng. sittan/sit, Gm. sizzan/sitzen; sezzal/, ON sitja, Goth. sitan, Gk. hedzomai/, Ir. saidim/suidh, Welsh seddu, Skr. sad, Av. nišaðayeiti, Pers. niyašayadan/nešastan, Arm. nstil/nsdil, Old Prussian sīdons, Umbrian sersitu, Toch. sätk/
to sow Russ. seyat', Lith. sėti, Ltv. sēt, Eng. sāwan/sow, Old Prussian semen, OCS sĕti, Russ. semja, Gm. sāen/säen, ON sá, Goth. saian, Lat. serere, Umbrian semenies, Polish siać, Welsh hil, Ir. sí/síol, Toch. sāry/, Hitt. sai, Skr. sāyaka, Umbrian semenies
to sift Alb. shosh, Lith. sietas, Ltv. siets, Ir. sithlad/síolthughadh, Welsh hidl, ON sáld, Gk. ēthō, Russ. sito, Polish sito, OCS sito
to seek out Hitt. šak(k), Eng. scan/beseech, Gm. suohhen/suchen, Goth. sōkjan, ON sǿkja, Gk. hēgesthai, Ir. saigim/, Welsh haeddu, Lat. sagīre
to follow Lat. sequor, Lith. sekti, Ltv. sekt, Gk. hepomai, Ir. sech/seach, Welsh hep, ON seggr, Skr. sacate, Av. hačaitē, Eng. secg/--, Pers. hačā/, Toch. säk/, Gm. beinsegga/
butter Toch. älyp/alype, Gk. helpos, Hitt. salpa-, Alb. gjalpë, Skr. sarpis, Eng. sealf/salve, Osset. carv/, Pers. /čarbi, Gm. salba/Salbe, Goth. salbon
summer Skr. samā, Eng. sumor/summer, Av. ham, Arm. ama, Gm. sumar/Sommer, ON sumar, Welsh haf, Ir. samrad/samhradh, Toch. me/māye
one Lat. semel, Arm. mi/mek/meg, Alb. gjithë, Lith. sa, Eng. sum/some, Gm. saman/zusammen, Gk. heis, Hitt. san, Av. hakeret, Ir. samail/samhail, Lyc. sñta, Kamviri sâ~, Pers. hama/hamin, Russ. sam, Skr. sakt, Toch. sas/e, Welsh hafal, ON sami, Goth. sama
half Lat. sēmis, Gm. sami/--, Eng. sām-/sand-blind, Goth. sami-, Skr. sami, Gk. hēmisus, Kamviri sâmaũ
old Lat. senex, Lith. senas, Ltv. sens, Gaul. Senognatus, ON sina, Skr. sana, Av. hana, Arm. hin, Gk. henos, Welsh hyn, Goth. sineigs, Ir. sen/
seven Arm. evt'n/yot'/yot'ĕ, Alb. shtatë/shtatë, Lith. septyni, Ltv. septiņi, Gaul. sextan, Gm. sibun/sieben, Eng. seofon/seven, Gk. hepta, Av. hapta, Ir. secht/seacht, Hitt. šipta-, Kashmiri sath, Kamviri sut, Lat. septem, Oscan seften, ON sjau, Old Prussian septīnjai, Osset. avd/avd, Pers. /haft, OCS sedmĭ, Polish siedem, Russ. sem', Skr. sapta, Toch. pät/ukt, Goth. sibun, Welsh saith
seventy Lat. septuāgintā, Gk. heptákonta, Ir. /seachtó, Skr. saptatih
to creep Alb. gjarpër/gjarpën, Gk. herpō, Lat. serpō, Skr. sp, Kashmiri so.rūph
left (direction) Skr. savya, Welsh aswy, Av. haoya, Toch. --/saiwai, OCS šujĭ, Russ. šuj
to leap Skr. skandati, Gk. skandalon, Ir. scendim/scinn, Lat. scandere
tool Russ. ščepa, Lith. kapoti, Ltv. kaplis, Gm. skaft/, Gk. skeparnion, Lat. capus, Pers. /kāfad, Alb. kep, Old Prussian warnaycopo, ON skapt, OCS kopaj
chin Ir. smech/smeach, Lith. smakras, Ltv. smakrs, Skr. śmaśru, Hitt. zamakur, Arm. mauruk/maurug, Alb. mjekër, Lat. maxilla
grease Ir. smiur/, Gk. smuris, Lat. medulla, Gm. smero/Schmer, Welsh mer, Eng. smerian/smear, Polish smar, Toch. /mare, Lith. smarsas, ON smjr, Goth. smaírþr
snow Lith. sniegas, Ltv. sniegs, Old Prussian snaygis, Russ. sneg, Ir. snechta/sneachta, Skr. snēha, Eng. snāw/snow, Gk. nipha, Gm. sneo/Schnee, ON snjór, Goth. snaiws, Polish śnieg, Welsh nyf, Av. snaēža, Toch. /śiñcatstse
mist Av. snaoða, Welsh nudd, Gk. nuthon, Lat. nūbēs
daughter-in-law Skr. snuā, Eng. snoru/--, Gk. nuos, Lat. nurus, Arm. nu, OCS snŭxa, Polish snecha, Russ. snoxa, Alb. nusa, Crimean Gothic schuos, ON snor, Gm. snur/Schnur
salt Lat. sāl, Umbrian salu, Toch. sāle/sālyiye, Lith. saldus, Ltv. sāļš, Eng. sealt/salt, Gk. hals, Arm. aġ, Ir. salann/, OCS soli, Russ. sol', Gm. salz/Salz, Polish sól, Welsh halen, Alb. gjelbson, ON salt, Goth. salt, Old Prussian sal, Skr. salila, Illyr. Salapia
whole Toch. salu/solme, Gk. holos, Arm. olj/volj/volč, Ir. slán/slán, Alb. gjallë, Skr. sarva, Av. haurva, Kamviri sũdi, Polish sowity, Welsh holl, Lat. salvus, Oscan salavs, Umbrian saluvom, Russ. sulej, Pers. haluva/, OCS sulĕi
to spit Lat. spuere, Gk. ptuein, OCS pljuj, Lith. spjauti, Ltv. spļaut, Eng. spiwan/spew, Gm. spīwan/speien, ON spýja, Goth. spiewan, Skr. īvati, Av. spāma, Arm. t'us, Pers. /tuf, Osset. thu, Russ. pljuju, Polish pluć
sparrow Gm. sperk/sperling, Eng. spearwa/sparrow, Goth. sparwa, ON sprr, Toch. pār/pāra-, Gk. sparasion, Old Prussian spurglis, Pers. /parasto, Lat. parra, Umbrian parfam, Ir. serriach/
spleen Gk. splēn, Lat. liēn, Ir. selg/sealg, Av. sparazan, Skr. plīhan, Lith. blužnis, Old Prussian blusne, Kamviri pu, Arm. p'aycałn/p'aycaġ/p'aydzaġ, OCS slĕzena, Russ. selezënka, Polish śledziona, Bret. felc'h
to gulp Lat. sorbēo, Arm. arbi/arpi, Alb. gjerbë, Gk. rhopheō, Ir. srub, Lith. srėbti, Ltv. surbt;surbju, Russ. serbat', Polish siorbać
to stand Av. hištaiti, Skr. tihati, Eng. standan/stand, Lat. stō, Umbrian stahmei, Oscan staíet, Lith. stoti, Ltv. stāt, Old Prussian stacle, OCS stati, Russ. stat', Gm. stān/stehen, Polish stać, Phryg. eistani, Goth. standan, ON stóð, Pers. aištata/istādan, Alb. shtuara, Welsh gwastad, Toch. tām/stām, Gk. histami, Ir. tá/tá, Hitt. išta, Luw. išta-, Arm. stanam/sdanam, Lyc. ta-
to stride, to step Alb. shteg, Lith. stigti, Ltv. steigt, Ir. techt/teachd, Welsh taith, Goth. steigan, ON stígan, Eng. stger/stair, Gm. stīgan/steigen, Gk. stikhos, Skr. stighnoti, Russ. dostigat', Polish ścigać, OCS postignti
swine Eng. sū/sow, Ltv. sivēns, Russ. svin, Skr. sūkara, Alb. thi, Gk. hus, Gm. sū/Sau, Toch. --/suwo, Ir. socc/, Welsh hwch, Polish świnia, Lat. sūs, Umbrian sif, ON sýr, Goth. swein, Av. hū
cheese Lith. sūris, Russ. syr, ON surr, Alb. hirrë, Polish ser
sister Eng. sweostor/sister, Gm. swester/Schwester, Skr. svas, OCS sestra, Russ. sestra, Polish siostra, Kamviri sus, Ir. siur/siur, Arm. k'uyr, Toch. ar/er, Gk. eor/--, Lat. soror. Welsh chwaer, Gaul. suiior, ON systir, Goth. swistar, Av. xvahar, Lith. sesuo, Old Prussian swestro, Pers. /xāhar
father-/mother-in-law Russ. svekrov', Skr. śvaśura;śvaśrū, Lith. šešuras, Gm. swigur/Schwieger, Welsh chwegr, Arm. skesur/sgesur, Gk. hekuros, Lat socrus, Alb. vjehërr, Kamviri č.uč., Eng. swēor/--, Av. xvasura-, Polish świekra, Goth. swaíhrō, ON svǽra, OCS svekŭrŭ
sweet Eng. swēte/sweet, Gk. hēdus, Lat. suāvis, Gaul. Suadurīx, Polish słodki, Gm. suozi/süss, ON sötr, Welsh chwant, Ir. sant/, Skr. svādu, Lith. sūdyti, Av. xāsta, Goth. sutis, Toch. swār/swāre
to whistle Russ. svist, Lith. švilpti, Ltv. svilpiens, Skr. kveati, Ir. ind fet/fead, Welsh chwythu, Polish świst, Gk. sizō/, Lat. sibāre, Goth. swiglōn, Gm. swegala/, Eng. swegalōn/, OCS svistati
sweat Arm. k'rtink'/k'rdink', Alb. djersë, Eng. swtan/sweat, Lith. saldus, Ltv. sviedri, Skr. svedate, Gk. hidros, Lat. sūdor, Gm. sweiz/Schweiss, Welsh chwys, ON sveiti, Av. xvaēda
to burn Ltv. svelt, Lith. sveltu, Goth. swiltan, ON svalr, Eng. swelan, Gk. hēlios, Skr. svarati, Toch. slam/sleme
sleep Lith. sapnas, Skr. svapnas, Lat. somnus, ON svefn, Toch. pä/pane, Gk. hupnos, Av. xvafna, Ir. suán/suan, OCS sunu, Russ. son, Arm. k'nel, Alb. gjumë, Welsh hun, Eng. swefan/--, Pers. /xāb
to throw Lat. supāre, Skr. svapū, Lith. supti, Ltv. šūpāt, OCS svepiti sę, Russ. sypat', ON sófl, Polish sypać
to be ill Goth. saurga, Gm. soraga/Sorge, Skr. sūrkati, Ir. serg/, Lith. sirgti, Ltv. sirgt, Eng. sorg/sorrow, ON sorg, Alb. dergjet, OCS sraga, Russ. soroga, Toch. särk/sark, Arm. erk/erg
six Arm. vec'/vec'/vec', Alb. gjashtë, Lith. šeši, Ltv. seši, Gaul. suex, Gm. sēhs/sechs, Eng. siex/six, Gk. heks, Av. xš.uuaš, Illyr. ses-, Ir. sé/sé, Kashmiri śe, Kamviri u, Lat. sex, Oscan sehs, ON sex, Old Prussian usjai, Osset. æxsæz/æxsæz, Pers. /šeš, OCS šestĭ, Polish sześć, Russ. šest', Skr. a, Toch. äk/kas, Umbrian sehs, Goth. saihs, Welsh chwech
to sound Skr. svanati, Lat. sonāre, Eng. swan/swan, Gm. swan/Schwan, ON svanr, Av. xvanatčaxra, Ir. senim/seinm
black Lat. sordēre, Eng. sweart/swarthy, Gm. swarz/schwarz, Goth. swarts, ON svartr, Lith. sartas
to sew Skr. sīvyati, Lat. suere, Eng. seowian/sew, Lith. siūti, Ltv. šūt, Russ. šit', Polish szyć, ON sýja, Goth. siujan, Gk. humēn, Old Prussian schumeno, Gm. siuwen/Saum, OCS šij, Hitt. suel
sun Lat. sōl, Lith. saulė, Ltv. saule, Welsh haul, Gk. hēlios, Alb. (h)yll, Eng. sigel/--; sunne/sun, OCS slunice, Russ. solnce, Skr. sūras, Av. hvarə, Gm. sunna/Sonne, ON sól; sunna, Goth. sauil; sunno, Welsh haul, Ir. súil/súil, Toch. swāñce/swāñco, Kamviri su, Polish słońce, Old Prussian saule, Pers. -farnah-/
press See Soma; "son": Skr. sūnu, Av. hunu, Lith. sūnus, Old Prussian sūnus, Eng. sunu/son, Gm. sunu/Sohn, Goth. sunus, ON sonr, OCS synŭ, Russ. syn, Polish syn, Gk. nios, Old Prussian soūns, Toch. se/soy, Ir. suth/suth, Thrac. sukis

t

RootMeaningDerivatives
to touch Eng. þaccian/, Gk. tetagōn/, Gaul. Taximagulus, Ir. taise/tais, Lat. tangere
to twist Skr. tarku, Old Prussian tarkue, Russ. torok, Toch. tark/tärk, Gk. atraktos, Lat. torqueō, Gm. drahsil/drechseln, Alb. tjerr, Ir. /trochal, Welsh torri, Eng. þrstan/, Polish troki
to melt OCS tajetŭ, Russ. tajat', Osset. thayun, Eng. þawian/thaw, Gm. thouwen/verdauen, Arm. t'anam, Gk. tēkō, Lat. tabēre, ON þeyja, Welsh tawdd, Ir. tám/, Skr. toyam, Lith. tyras, Ltv. tīrelis, Polish tajać
dark Skr. tamas, Lith. temti, Ltv. timt, Av. təmah, OCS tĭmĭnŭ, Russ. tëmnyj, Ir. temel/, Gm. themar/Dämmerung, Polish ciemny, Alb. terr, Ir. temel/, Pers. /tār, Toch. /tamāsse, Illyr. Tomaros, Gk. Temmikes/
thin Lat. tenuis, Ir. tanae/tana, OCS tĭnŭkŭ, Russ. tonkij, Skr. tanu, Gk. tanus, Eng. þynne/thin, Gm. thunni/dünn, Polish cienki, ON þunnr, Av. tanū, Pers. /tan, Lith. teva, Ltv. tievs
warm Alb. ftoh/ftof, Hitt. tapašša, Ir. té/, Welsh tan, ON þefr, Eng. þefian/, Skr. tapati, Av. tāpaiti, Pers. /tafte(h), Lat. tepēre, Polish ciepły, Russ. tëplyj, OCS teplostĭ
over Eng. þurh/through, Gm. durh/durch, Goth. þaírh, Lat. trāns, Umbrian traf, Skr. tiras, Av. tarə, Ir. tar/, Welsh trimuceint
to cross over Gk. terthron, Alb. shtir, Hitt. tarzi, Skr. tarati/, Gm. dremil/, Kamviri târa, Av. tar, Pers. viyatārayāma/, Osset. tærin, Illyr. Taros, Arm. t'arm, Lat. terminus, Umbrian termnome, Oscan teremenniú, ON þrmr
dry Skr. tyati, Av. taršu, Arm. t'aamim, Gk. tersomai/, Alb. ter, Lat. terra;torrēre;torreō, Eng. þurst/thirst, Gm. durri/dürr, Goth. þaursus, ON þurr, Lith. trōkšti, Ir. tírim/tirim, Kashmiri treśiho.t
grouse Russ. teterev, Polish cietrzew, Lith. teterva, Ltv. teteris, Skr. tittira, Gk. tetraōn, Ir. tethra/, ON þiðurr, Arm. tatrak/dadrak, Old Prussian tatarwis, Pers. /tadarv
tribe Gaul. teuto, Oscan touto, Umbrian totam, Old Prussian tauto, Ir. túath/túath, Illyr. teuta, Hitt. tuzzi, Lyc. tuta, Lith. tauta, Ltv. tauta, Eng. þeoð/--, Gm. diutisc/Deutsch, Goth. þiuda, ON þjóð
to plait Lat. textō, Lith. tašau, Ltv. tešu, Gk. tektōn, Russ. tesla, Gm. dehsa/, Skr. takati, Av. tašaiti, Pers. ustašana/taš, OCS teš, Hitt. takš, ON þexla, Ir. tál
to settle secondary root from ad + ḱei. Arm. šēm, Eng. hām/home, Gm. heim/Heim, ON heimr, Goth. heims, Gk. ktizō, Skr. keti, Av. šaēiti, Lat. situs
to think Alb. tangë/tângë, Eng. þencan/think, Gm. thenken/denken, Lat. tongēo, Oscan tanginúd, ON þekkja, Toch. tuk/takw, Goth. þangkjan, Lith. dūmoti
dwelling Lat. trabēs, Oscan trííbúm, Umbrian tremnu, Lith. troba, Ltv. traba, Eng. þorp/thorp, Gm. thorf/Dorf, Gk. teremnon, Welsh treb; tref, ON ðorp; þorp, Goth. þaúrp, Ir. díthrub/
to press Lat. trūdō, Alb. treth, Welsh trym, Ir. tromm/trom, Eng. þrēat/threat, Gm. firthriogan/verdrießen, ON þrjóta, Goth. usþriutan, OCS trudŭ, Russ. trud
thrush Lat. turdus, Lith. strazdas, Ltv. strazds, OCS drozgu, Russ. drozd, Polish drozd, ON þrstr, Eng. þrysce/thrush, Gm. thrōskala/Drossel, Ir. truit/truid, Welsh drudwy, Gk. strouthos
three Arm. erek'/yerek'/yerek', Alb. tre/tre, Lith. trys, Ltv. trīs, Gaul. treis, Gm. drī/drei, Eng. þrēo/three, Gk. treis, Hitt. tri-, Av. θri, Illyr. tri-, Ir. treí/trí, Kashmiri tre, Lyc. trei, Kamviri tre, Oscan trís, ON þrír, Old Prussian tri, Osset. ærtæ/ærtæ, Pers. çi/se, OCS trĭje, Polish trzy, Russ. tri, Skr. tri, Toch. tre/trai, Lat. trēs, Umbrian trif, Goth. þreis, Welsh tri, Phryg. thri-
skin Skr. tvacas, Hitt. tuekkas, Gk. sakos, Kurd. twékl(e)
space Skr. talpa, Lith. tilpti; telpu, Ltv. tilpt; telpu, Russ. tolpa, Toch. tsälp/tälp, Ir. -tella/
thunder Eng. þunor/thunder, ON þórr, Gm. Donar/Donner, Lat. tonāre, Skr. tányati, Pers. /tundar, Pashto taṇā
a massive number
(-> thousand) 		Gm. þūsunt/tausend, Eng. þusend/thousand, Goth. þusundi, Lith. tūkstantis, Ltv. tūkstots, OCS tysšti, ON þúsund, Polish tysiąc, Russ. tysjača, Toch. tumane/tmām

w

RootMeaningDerivatives
ox, bull Eng. oxa/ox, Gm. ohso/Ochse, Goth. auhsa, Goth. ych(?), ON oxi, Skr. ukan, Av. uxšan
to pledge Lat. vas;vadis, Goth. wadi, ON veð, Eng. weddian/wed, Gm. wetti/Wette, Lith. vadas, Ltv. vadot,
wolf Arm. gayl/kayl, Ir. fáel/faol
to blow, inspire Lat./Gaul. vates, Ir. fáith, ON óðr, Germanic *Wōdanaz
to weave Eng. wefan/weave, Gm. weban/weben, ON vefa, Gk. huphē, Pers. baftan/, Skr. ubhnāti, Toch. wäp/wāp, Av. ubdaēna, Pers. /bāfad, Alb. vegjë
to lead Russ. vedu, Lith. vesti, Ltv. vads, Ir. fedid/fedim, Av. vāðayeiti, Hitt. uwate, OCS ved, Polish wieść, Welsh arweddu, Old Prussian west
to blow Eng. weder/weather, Gm. waian/wehen, ON vindr, Lat. ventus, Skr. vāti, Gk. aemi, Av. vāiti, Hitt. uwantiš, Lith. vėjas, Ltv. vējš, Old Prussian wins, Goth. winds, Toch. want/yente, OCS vĕjetŭ, Russ. vejat', Polish wiać, Welsh awel
to see, know Skr. vid, Av. vaēða, Gk. idei, Lat. vidēre, Russ. vedat', Phryg. wit-, Eng. witan/wit, Gm. wizzan/wissen, Arm. gitem/kidem, Kashmiri vūčhūn, Polish widzieć; wiedzieć, ON vita, Goth. weitan, Ir. fis/fis, Gaul. Vindomagus, Welsh gwyn, Lith. vaidintis, Old Prussian widdai, OCS vidĕti
to choose Skr. vinakti, Av. avavaēk, Lat. victima, Goth. weihan, Eng. wēoh/--, ON vé, Gm. wīhen/weihen
victory Lith. veikti, Ltv. veikt, OCS vĕkŭ, Russ. vek, ON veig, Gm. wīgan/--, Ir. fichim/, Gaul. Ordovices, Welsh gwych, Eng. wīgan/--, Goth. weihan, Arm. vēg/vēk, Lat. vincere, Oscan vincter, Polish wiek
to sprout Lat. virēre; viridis, Eng. wīse/, Gm. wīsa/Wiese, ON vísir, Lith. veisti, Ltv. viest
village Gm. weihs/, Lith. viešas, Ltv. viesis, Russ. ves', Av. vīs, Alb. vis, Skr. viś, Lat. vīcus, Gk. oikos, Polish wieś, Old Prussian waispattin, Toch. /īke, OCS vĭsĭ
to speak Gk. epos, Skr. vakti, Av. vačah, Gm. giwahanen/erwähnen, Old Prussian wackītwei, Toch. wak/wek, ON váttr, Lat. vōx, Umbrian subocau, Ir. foccul/, Welsh gwaethi, Gaul. Vepolitanos, Hitt. uek
wool Eng. wull/wool, Gm. wolla/Wolle, ON ull, Goth. wulla, Skr. ūrā, Av. varənā, Lat. lāna, Gk. lēnos, OCS vlŭna, Russ. volna, Polish wełna, Lith. vilna, Ltv. vilna, Ir. olan/olann, Welsh gwlan, Hitt. hulana, Old Prussian wilnis, Pers. /gurs
fox Av. urupis, Pers. /rōbāh, Arm. ałvēs/aġvēs/aġvēs, Gk. alōtēks, Lat. volpēs, Lith. lapė, Ltv. lapsa
to vomit Lat. vomere, Gk. emeso, Skr. vamiti, Av. vam, Lith. vemti, Ltv. vemt, ON váma, Old Prussian wynis, Pers. /vātāk
ram Skr. uraa, Arm. gan/kan, Pers. /barra, Gk. arnos, Ir. felb/, Toch. /yrīye, ON vara, Eng. waru/ware, Gm. /Ware, Polish wór
to speak Lith. vardas, Ltv. vārds, Eng. word/word, Russ. vrat', Skr. vrata, Av. urvāta, Hitt. ueria, Gk. eirō, Gm. wort/Wort, ON orð, Goth. waurd, Old Prussian wīrds, Ir. fordat/, Umbrian uerfalem, OCS vračĭ, Lat. verbum
to dress Alb. vesh, Eng. werian/wear, Gm. werian/Wehr, Goth. wasjan, ON verja, Lat. vestis, Gk. hendunai, Arm. zgenum/zkenum, Skr. vaste, Av. vastē, Hitt. waš, Toch. wäs/wäs
to feast Hitt. weši, Lat. vescor, Av. vastra, Skr. anuvāvase, Welsh gwest, Gm. wist/, Ir. fíach/, Goth. wisan, ON vist, Eng. wesan/ Lith. švest, Polish wesele
year Gk. etos, Skr. vatsa, Eng. weðer/wether, Gm. widar/Widder, Goth. wiþrus, ON veðr, Hitt. witt, Alb. vjet, Ir. fethim/feithim, Corn. guis, Lith. vetuša, OCS vetŭxŭ, Russ. vetxij, Polish wiotchy, Lat. vetus, Oscan Vezkeí
squirrel Lat. vīverra, Welsh gwywer, Gk. Skiuros, Russ. veverica, Lith. voverė, Ltv. vāvere, Pers. /varvarah, ON íkorni, Gm. eihhurno/Eichhorn, Eng. ācweorna/--, Polish wiewiórka, Old Prussian weware
lively Lat. vegeō, Eng. wacan/wake, Skr. vāja, Av. vazra, Toch. wasir/wasir, Gm. wahhēn/wachen, Goth. wakan, ON vaka, Pers. vazrka/buzurg
to ride Eng. wegan/weigh, Lat. vehō, Oscan veia, Umbrian ar'veitu, Gk. ekhos/, Skr. vahati, Av. vazaiti, Russ. vezti, Polish wieźć, Alb. vjedh;udhë, Gm. biwegan/bewegen, ON vega, Goth. gawigan, Ir. fén/, Welsh gwain, Lith. vežti, Ltv. vest, Old Prussian vessis, Umbrian ařveitu, Gaul. Uecturius, Toch. wkä/yakne, OCS vez
apart, away Skr. vi, Av. vi-, Hitt. na-wi 'not yet', Eng. wið/with; wid/wide, Gm. widar/wieder; wit/weit Goth. wiþra, ON viðr; viðr
widow Skr. vidhyati, Av. viðavā, Goth. widuwō, Old Prussian widdewu, OCS vŭdova, Russ. vdova, Ir. fedb/, Gm. wituwa/Witwe, Welsh gweddw, Polish wdowa, Eng. widuwe/widow, Pers. /bēve(h), Gk. eitheos, Lat. vidua; dīvidō, Umbrian uef, Lith. vidus, Ltv. vidus
twenty Lat. vīgintī, Arm. k'san, Alb. njëzet/njizet, Gaul. vocontio, Gk. eikosi, Av. visaiti, Ir. fiche/fiche, Kashmiri vuh, Pers. /bēst, Kamviri vici, Skr. viśati, Toch. wiki/ikä, Welsh ugain
elm Alb. vidh, Russ. vjaz, Lith. vinkšna, Ltv. vīksna, Eng. wice/Wych Elm, Kurdish viz, Polish wiąz
wolf Lat. lupus, Lith. vilkas, Ltv. vilks, Eng. wulf/wolf, Gaul. vail, Gm. wolf/Wolf, Gk. lukos, Alb. ujk;ulk, Skr. vka, Av. vehrka-, Toch. --/walkwe, Pers. varka/gorg, Old Prussian wilkis, Goth. wulfs, ON úlfr, OCS vlĭkŭ, Russ. volk, Polish wilk, Luw. walwa, Welsh gweilgi
raven Lith. varnas, Russ. vorona, Polish wrona, Toch. --/wrauña
root Russ. vred, Eng. wyrt/wort, Gm. wirz/Wurz, Lat. rādīx, Gk. rhiza, Alb. rrënjë/rrânzë, Welsh gwraidd, Ir. frém/fréamh, Goth. vaurts, ON urt, Toch. /witsako, Pers. /riše(h)
rye Lith. rugys, Ltv. rudzi, Russ. rož, ON rugr, Eng. ryge/rye, Gk. Rhyzi, Gm. roggo/Roggen, Old Prussian rugis
worm Lat. vermis, Goth. waurms, Eng. wyrm/worm, Arm. vord/vort, Lith. varmas, Welsh gwraint, Gk. rhomos, Gm. wurm/Wurm, ON ormr, Old Prussian wormyan
price Skr. vasna, Lat vēnus, Gk. hōnos, Arm. gin/kin, Hitt. uššaniya
evening Lat. vespera, Arm. gišer/kišer, Gk. hesperos, Lith. vakaras, Ltv. vakars, Ir. fescor/feascar, Russ. večer, Goth. veig, Welsh ucher, Polish wieczór
spring Lat. vēr, OCS vesna, Russ. vesna, Skr. vasanta, Lith. vasara, Ltv. vasara, ON vár, Av. vari, Arm. garun/karun, Kamviri vâsut, Pers. /bahār, Polish wiosna, Gk. ear, Ir. errach/earrach, Welsh gwanwyn
man Skr. vīra, Av. vīra, Lat. vir, Umbrian viru, Lith. vyras, Ltv. vīrs, Toch. wir, Gm. wer/Werwolf, Goth. wair, ON verr, Eng. wer/werewolf, Old Prussian wirs, Ir. fer/fear, Welsh gwr, Gaul. uiro-
wet "water": Eng. wæter/water, OCS voda, Russ. voda, XMK bedu, Gk. hudōr, Lat. unda, Lith. vanduo, Ltv. ūdens, Skr. udan, Alb. ujë, Ir. uisce/uisge, Hitt. watar, Arm. get/ked, Toch. wär/war, Umbrian utur, Goth. watō, Welsh gwer, ON vatn, Kashmiri odūr, Thrac. udrēnas, Gm. wazzar/Wasser, Phryg. bedu, Polish woda, Old Prussian wundan; " otter": Skr. udra, Lat. lutra, Av. udra, Ir. /odar; uydr/; odoirne/ (ūdra/udris?), OCS vydra, Russ. vydra, Gk. hudros, Eng. oter/otter, Gm. ottar/Otter, ON otr, Lith. ūdra Osset wyrd; "belly": Lat. uterus; venter, Skr. udara, Av. udaras, Lith. vėdaras, Ltv. vēders, Gm. wanast
wasp Lat. vespa, Lith. vapsva, Eng. wæps/wasp, OCS vosa, Russ. osa, Av. vawžaka, Gm. wafsa/Wespe, Kamviri ušpik, Ir. foich/, Old Prussian wobse, Polish osa
good Skr. vasu, Gaul. Uisurix, Toch. we/yai, Illyr. Veselia, OCS veselŭ, Russ. vesëlyj, Ltv. vesels, Av. vahu, Phryg. vasu, Hitt. wasu, Lyd. viśi-, Goth. iusiza, Gm. Wisurīh/, Welsh gwych, Gk. eu/, OCS veselŭ, Kurd. baš

y

RootMeaningDerivatives
ice Eng. gicel/icicle, ON jaki, Gm. ichil/gicht, Ir. aig/oighear, Welsh ia, Lith. iža, Ltv. ieze, Russ. ikra
year Goth. jēr, Eng. gēar/year, Av. yārə, Gk. ōra, Lat. hōrnus, Gm. jar/Jahr, ON ár, Pers. dušiyaram/, Lith. jōrė, OCS jara, Russ. jarovoj, Polish jar
brother-in-law's wife Lat. ianitrīcēs, Gk. einatēr, Lith. jentė, Ltv. ietere, Russ. jatrov', Skr. yātar, Kamviri iâri, Arm. ner, Phryg. ianatera, Polish jątrew
law Skr. yos, Lat. iūs, Av. yaoždaðāiti, Ir. huisse/
yoke Skr. yuj;yunakti, Lat. iūgum, Av. jug, Lith. jungas, Ltv. jūgt, Eng. geoc/yoke, Gm. joh/Joch, ON ok, Goth. juk, OCS igo, Russ. igo, Polish juka, Gk. zugos, Gaul. Veriugodumnus, Kamviri iu, Toch. yuk/yuk, Welsh iau, Arm. luc/ludz , Pers. /yoġ, Hitt. iukan, OCS igo
barley Skr. yava, Lith. javai, Ltv. jauja, Av. yava, Russ. ovin, Gk. zeiai/, Pers. /jav, Hitt. ewa, Ir. eorna/, Osset. jæw, Kurd. yawa/jo
liver Skr. yaknas, Lat. jecur, Lith. jeknos, Ltv. aknas, Av. yākarə, Ir. iuchair/iuchair, Gk. hēpar, Russ. ikra, Kamviri iâñi, Pers. /jegar

Abbreviations

References

See also

External links

Indo-European linguistics | Historical linguistics | Etymology

Llista de pallabras indoeuropeas | Roll gwrizioù indezeuropek | Indogermanische Wortwurzel | Lista de raíces indoeuropeas | Racines indo-européennes | Lista de raíces indoeuropeas

 

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the "List of Proto-Indo-European roots".

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