Khanty people

Khanty (obsolete: Ostyaks) are an endangered indigenous people calling themself Khanti, Khande, Kantek (Khanty), living in the Khanty-Mansi autonomous district, a region historically known as "Yugra" in Russian Federation, together with Mansi peoples. In Khanty-Mansi autonomous district, the Khanty and Mansi languages are given co-official status with Russian. In the 2002 census 28678 persons identified themselves as Khanty. 26694 were resident in Tyumen Oblast, of which 17128 were living in Khanty-Mansi autonomous district and 8760 in Yamal-Nenets autonomous district. 873 were residents of neighbouring Tomsk Oblast and 88 lived in Komi republic ^*

History

Khants appear most likely in Russian records under the name Yugra (ca. 11th century), when they had contact with Russian hunters and merchants. The name comes from Komi-Zyrian language jögra (Khanty). It is also possible that they were first recorded by the English King Alfred the Great (ca. 10th century), who located Fenland (wetland) to the east of the White Sea in Western Siberia.

The Khanty duchies were partially included in the Siberian Khanate from the 1440s–1570s.

In the 11th century, Yugra was actually a term for numerous tribes, each having its own centre and its own chief. Every tribe had two exogamic phatries, termed mon't' and por, and all members were considered to be blood relatives. This structure was later replaced with clans, where each clan leader (knyazets) negotiated with the Russian realm. They also participated in Russian campaigns, and received the right to collect yasaq (tribute) from two Khanty volosts (districts) respectively. When this structure was no longer needed, Russia deprived them of their privileges.

Between the 17th and 19th centuries, there were attempts to introduce Christianity, but the Khanty lifestyle did not undergo any real changes. In the second half of 19th century, they gradually accepted state law.

The Khanty are one of the few indigenous minorities of Siberia with an autonomy in the form of an okrug (autonomous district). The establishment of autonomy has played a considerable role in consolidation of the ethnos (the Western Khants called their eastern neighbours Kantõk Other People). This process was intensified in the 1980s and '90s due to opposition to protect their common territory from industrial expansion of various ministries and agencies. The autonomy has also played a major role in preserving the traditional culture and language.

Some consider the Khanty's ancestors to be the prehistoric metalworking Andronovo Culture.

Anthropologically, the Khants are representatives of the Uralic race. Over half of their racial characteristics are predominantly Mongoloid (particularly in the Beryozovo region). They are short (the average height for men is 158 cm and for women 146 cm), and their broad-shouldered stocky trunk has a characteristic convexity. They have narrow eyes and high cheek-bones and their eyes and hair are dark.

Economy

The Khanty's traditional occupations were fishery, taiga hunting and reindeer herding. They lived as trappers, thus gathering was of major importance.

Organisation

The Khanty are one of the few indigenous minorities in Siberia with an autonomy in the form of an okrug (autonomous district).

Religion

Khanty are today Orthodox Christians, mixed with traditional beliefs (shamans, reincarnation).

Their historical shaman wore no special clothes except a cap.

Language

Main article: Khanty language

The Khanty language is a language belonging to the Ugric branch of the Uralic languages, consisting of ten dialects, divided into southern, northern and eastern subgroups, and closely related to the Mansi language.

External links

Centre for Russian Studies — Norwegian studies of Russian peoples
Khants — Some pictures of Khants' bird and fishery traps
Redbook: The Khants