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Joseph Herman (צְבִי) Hertz, CH (25 September 1872–14 January 1946), was the Chief Rabbi of the British Empire.
Early life
Joseph Hertz was born in Rebrin, Hungary (now Slovakia), and emigrated to New York City in 1884. He was educated at New York City College (BA), Columbia University (PhD) and the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (Rabbi, 1894, the Seminary's first graduate). His first Ministerial post was at Syracuse, New York.
In 1898, he moved to South Africa, to the Witwatersrand Old Hebrew Congregation, Johannesburg. He stayed there until 1911, despite attempts by President Paul Kruger in 1899 to expel him for his pro-British sympathies and for advocating the removal of religious disabilities of Jews and Catholics in South Africa. He was also Professor of Philosophy at Transvaal University College, 1906-8.
In 1911, he returned to New York to the Orach Chayim Congregation.
Chief Rabbi
In 1913, Rabbi Hertz was appointed Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the British Empire; his rival candidate had been Rabbi Moses Hyamson. Rabbi Hertz held the post until his death. His period in office was marked by many arguments with a wide variety of people, mainly within the Jewish community; the Dictionary of National Biography describes him as a "combative Conservative". It was said of him that he was in favour of resolving disagreements by calm discussion - when all other methods had failed.
Despite his title, he was not universally recognised as Chief Rabbi even in England. While he was the Chief Rabbi of the United Synagogue and the established Orthodox Jewish communities, the United Synagogue was generally regarded by the new and very orthodox immigrants who had arrived since the 1880s as not orthodox enough for them. While they probably had no disregard for him personally, they could not respect his office. He tried both persuasion and such force as he could muster to influence them, generally in vain. This was ironic, since he - himself an East European - was naturally disposed to sympathise with them against the Jewish establishment. He added to his credibility among these immigrants by persuading Rabbi Yehezkel Abramsky to become head of the London Beth Din.
He antagonised others by his strong support for Zionism in the 1920s and 1930s, when many prominent Jews were against Zionism, fearing that it would lead to accusations against the Jewish community of divided loyalty.
He was strongly opposed to Reform Judaism and Liberal Judaism, though he did not allow this to create personal animosities, and had no objection in principle to attending the funerals of Reform Jews.
However, despite all this, his eloquent oratory, lucid writing, great erudition and obvious sincerity earned him the respect of the majority of British Jews and many outside the Jewish community. His commentary on the Torah is still to be found in most Orthodox synagogues and Jewish homes in Great Britain.
He was ex officio President of Jews' College, and Acting Principal, 1939-45. He was President of the Jewish Historical Society of England, 1922-3, and of the Conference of Anglo-Jewish Preachers. He was on the Board of Governors of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Chairman of the Governing Body of its Institute of Jewish Studies. He was Vice-President of a wide variety of Jewish and non-Jewish bodies, including the Anglo-Jewish Association, the London Hospital, the League of Nations Union, the National Council of Public Morals and King George's Fund for Sailors.
His great granddaughter is the writer Noreena Hertz.
Calendar reform
In the 1920s, Hertz successfully organised international opposition to proposed calendar reform. The League of Nations was considering a calendar amendment, such that a given date would fall on the same day of the week every year. This requires that one day every year (two in leap years) is not any day of the week but a "world day". Thus, once or twice a year there would be eight days rather than seven between consecutive Saturdays. Thus the Jewish Sabbath, which must occur every seventh day, would be on a different weekday each year. The same applies to the Christian Sabbath. Hertz realised that this would cause problems for Jews and Christians alike in observing their Sabbaths, and mobilised worldwide religious opposition to defeat the proposal.
Publications
Affirmations of Judaism, a collection of his sermons, was well regarded. He published a further four volumes of sermons, addresses and studies.
A Book of Jewish Thoughts, a selection of Jewish wisdom through the millennia, was immensely popular and ran to 25 editions.
The Fight for the Sabbath at Geneva, an account of his work opposing calendar reform.
Hertz edited notable commentaries on the Torah (1929-36, one volume edition 1937) and the Jewish Prayer Book or Siddur (1946).
He contributed to the Jewish Encyclopedia and the Encyclopædia Britannica.
Honours
He was made a Companion of Honour in 1943. He was also Commander of the Order of Léopold II and had a Columbia University medal.
Chief rabbis | 1872 births | 1946 deaths | English Jews | Companions of Honour
"Joseph H. Hertz"