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| José Francisco de San Martín | |
|---|---|
| Born | 25 February 1778 Yapeyú, Argentina |
| Died | 17 August 1850 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France |
José Francisco de San Martín y Matorras (25 February 1778 – 17 August 1850) was an Argentine general and the prime leader of the successful struggle for independence from Spain of the southern nations of South America.
Together with Simón Bolívar in the north, San Martín is regarded as one of the Liberators of Spanish South America. He is a national hero in Argentina, Chile and Peru.
Biography
San Martín was born in the town of Yapeyú in the province of Corrientes, Argentina, then a Spanish colony (part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata). His father was a Spanish official. As a child he was sent to Spain where he received his education. He was educated at the military academy in Madrid, commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in 1793, and rose to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in 1808.
He fought with the Spanish army against Portugal, in the African colonies, and against the invasion by Napoleon I's forces. In 1812 he resigned from the Spanish army and sailed home to Argentina, where he offered his services to the revolutionary forces.
The provisional government set up the Granaderos cavalry unit, who would become the best-trained military arm of revolution.
San Martín led the rebels against the Spanish forces under General José Zavala at the Battle of San Lorenzo on 3 February 1813, which became the first victory of the Argentine War of Independence. He was given the rank of General by the revolutionary government. The following year he took command of the northern army preparing a new invasion of Upper Perú (now Bolivia), a command he resigned to become governor of the province of Cuyo (now the provinces of Mendoza, San Juan, and San Luis), from where he received Chilean refugees due the reconquest of that country by an Spanish Army, and later crossed the Andes and attacked the Royalists in Chile at the beginning of 1817. With Bernardo O'Higgins, he made a triumphant entry into the liberated city of Santiago de Chile on 17 March 1818.
Next, San Martín turned his attention to the Spanish stronghold of Peru. For more than two years he prepared an invasion by sea, the first chilean Naval fleet was formed to launch this Expedition. After months of slow advances, he won a decisive victory at the Battle of Pisco on 6 December 1820. The Spanish Viceroy tried to negotiate terms, but as he would not concede complete independence, San Martín turned him down.
San Martín occupied Lima, the capital of Peru, on 12 July 1821. This was a huge loss for the Spanish forces. Independence from Spain for Peru was finally declared on 28 July 1821 and he was voted the "Protector" of the newly independent nation. During the same year, he founded the National Library of Peru, to which he donated his collection of books, and praised the new library as "... one of the most efficient means to spread our intellectual values". After Peru's parliament had been assembled, he resigned his command.
On 26 July 1822 he met with Simón Bolívar at Guayaquil to plan the future of Latin America. Most of the details of this meeting were secret at the time, and this has made the event a matter of much debate among later historians. Some believe that Bolívar's refusal to share command of the combined forces made San Martín withdraw from Perú and resettle as a farmer in Mendoza, Argentina. Another theory claims that San Martín yielded to Bolívar's energy and avoided a confrontation.
In 1824, after the death of his wife, Remedios de Escalada, he moved to France with his daughter Mercedes, where he spent the remainder of his days retired at Boulogne-sur-Mer.
His last act on Argentine soil was accepting a gift from Buenos Aires governor Juan Manuel de Rosas and refusing to fight in the civil wars that tore the country apart.
In 1880 his remains were taken to Buenos Aires and reinterred in the Buenos Aires Cathedral.
Publications
- Bartolomé Mitre, Historia de San Martin y de la emancipación sudamericana (Buenos Aires, 1890; abridged English translation by William Pilling, The Emancipation of South America, London, 1893)
Anthem to San Martín
Anthem to the Liberator General San Martín
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Suenen claras trompetas de gloria y levanten un himno triunfal, que la luz de la historia agiganta la figura del Gran Capitán.
¡Padre augusto del pueblo argentino, héroe magno de la libertad! A su sombra la Patria se agranda en virtud, en trabajo y en paz.
¡San Martín! ¡San Martín! Que tu nombre, honra y prez de los pueblos del Sur, asegure por siempre los rumbos de la Patria que alumbra tu luz.
De las tierras del Plata a Mendoza, de Santiago a la Lima gentil, fue sembrando en la ruta laureles a su paso triunfal San Martín.
San Martín, el señor en la guerra, por secreto designio de Dios, grande fue cuando el sol lo alumbraba, y más grande en la puesta del Sol.
May trumpets of glory sound clearly and rise a tryumphal anthem because the light of history make gigantic the figure of the Great Captain.
Great father of the Argentine People, big hero of freedom! beneath his shadow the Fatherland grows in virtute, in work, and in peace.
San Martín! San Martín! may your name, the honour and glory of the people of the South, assure for ever the fates of the Fatherland enlighted by your light
From the lands of River Plate to Mendoza, from Santiago to gentile Lima, he went seeding laurels in the way in his triumphal journey, San Martín.
San Martín, the lord of war, for God's secret chose, was big when the Sun enlighted him, and even bigger in the Sun's decline.
- Music: Arturo Luzzatt
- Lyrics: Segundo M. Argarañaz
See also
- ΦΙΑ – A United States university fraternity that takes José de San Martín as one of its "five pillars"
External links
South American wars of independence people | Military people of Argentina | Spanish-Argentines | People from Corrientes Province | 1778 births | 1850 deaths
José de San Martín | José de San Martín | José de San Martín | José de San Martín | José de San Martín | חוסה דה סן מרטין | ホセ・デ・サン＝マルティン | José de San Martín | José de San Martín | José de San Martín | Хосе де Сан-Мартин | José de San Martín | José de San Martín | José de San Martín | 何塞·德·圣马丁
"José de San Martín"