Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán

Colonel Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán (September 14, 1913 – January 27, 1971) was president of Guatemala from 1951 to 1954, when he was ousted in a coup d'état organized by the US Central Intelligence Agency, known as Operation PBSUCCESS, and was replaced by a military junta, headed by Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas, plunging the country into chaos and long-lasting political turbulence.

Early life

Born in Quetzaltenango, he was the son of a Swiss pharmacist who emigrated to Guatemala. His early years were marred by his father's suicide. Arbenz joined the army, attending Guatemala's military academy, and became a sub-lieutenant in 1935. He returned to the Guatemalan Military Academy in 1937 and served as a teacher of science and history. In 1939 he met his future wife Maria Cristina Vilanova, who moved her husband towards socialist philosophy. Maria, a daughter of a wealthy El Salvadoran landowner, had a huge impact on his life, and urged him to overthrow the Guatemalan government. Arbenz joined a group of leftist army officers and helped to overthrew the dictator Jorge Ubico (1878–1946) in 1944. After the coup against Ubico, Arbenz served as Guatemala's defense minister in Juan José Arévalo's new government.

Presidency and coup

In March 1951, Arbenz assumed the presidency after Guatemala's first-ever universal-suffrage election, marking the first peaceful transition of power in Guatemala's history. He campaigned as a reformer and garnered 60% of the vote by promising to make Guatemala an economically independent, capitalist state that would shed its colonial-era dependence on the U.S. His predecessor, Juan José Arévalo Bermejo, had successfully begun a series of reforms to open the political process to all citizens. Arévalo's extension of voting and labor rights threatened the power of the traditional elite and led to more than twenty failed coup attempts to oust him.

Arbenz continued Arévalo's reform agenda and, in June 1952, his government enacted an agrarian reform program modeled on the 1862 Homestead Act in the U.S. The new law gave the government power to expropriate only uncultivated portions of large plantations. Estates of up to 670 acres (271 hectares) were exempted if at least two thirds of the land was cultivated; also exempt were lands that had a slope of more than 30 degrees (a significant exemption in mountainous Guatemala). The land was then allocated to individual families in the attempt to create a land-owning yeoman nation reminiscent of the U.S.'s own goals in the 1800s. Owners of expropriated land were compensated according to the worth of the land claimed in May 1952 tax assessments. Land was paid for in twenty-five year bonds with a 3 percent interest rate. Stephen G. Rabe, "Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism." University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill. Arbenz himself, a landowner through his wife, gave up 1,700 acres (688 ha) of his own land in the land reform program. Peter H. Smith, Talons of the Eagle: Dynamics of US-Latin American Relations, Oxford University Press, 2000

After his inauguration, Arbenz secretly met with members of the Communist Guatemalan Party of Labour (PGT) in order to establish an effective land reform program. Such a program was proposed by Arbenz as a means of remedying the extremely unequal land distribution within the country. It is estimated that 2% of the country's population controlled 72% of all arable land in 1945, but only 12% of it was being utilized. That is the proportion found in U.S. Agriculture, but without the corresponding wage differential or economic diversity: in 1950s Guatemala, the per capita income of agricultural workers was under $100 per year and the economy of Guatemala was barely industrialized while the US economy was highly industrialized and diversified.

While Arbenz's proposed agenda was welcomed by impoverished peasants who made up the majority of Guatemala's population, it provoked the ire of the upper landowning classes, powerful U.S. corporate interests, and factions of the military, who accused Arbenz of bowing to Communist influence. (How much influence the Communists in Guatemala actually had is still hotly debated.) This tension resulted in noticeable unrest in the country. Carlos Castillo Armas, an army officer, rebelled at the Aurora airport, was defeated and shot, surviving his injuries. Armas then spent some time in a Guatemalan prison before escaping and going into exile.

This instability, combined with Arbenz's tolerance of PGT and other Communist and labor influences caused the CIA to draw up a contingency plan entitled Operation PBFORTUNE in 1951. It outlined a method of ousting Arbenz if he were deemed a Communist threat in the hemisphere.

The United Fruit Company, a U.S.-based corporation, was also threatened by Arbenz's land reform initiative. United Fruit was Guatemala's largest landowner, and with 85% of its holdings uncultivated, vulnerable to Arbenz's reform plans. In calculating its tax obligations, United Fruit had consistently (and drastically) undervalued the worth of its holdings. In its 1952 taxes, it claimed its land was only worth $3 per acre. When, in accordance with United Fruit's tax claims, the Arbenz government offered to compensate the company at the $3 rate, the company claimed the land's true value was $75/acre but refused to explain the precipitous jump in its own determination of the land's value.

United Fruit had several ties with the U.S government. U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and his brother, CIA director Allen Dulles, had close connections to United Fruit through their former law firm. Eisenhower's trusted aide and undersecretary of State Walter Bedell Smith had equally close ties to the company and had once sought a management position there. All three were shareholders in the company.

In 1952, the Guatemalan Party of Labour was legalized; Communists subsequently gained considerable minority influence over important peasant organizations and labor unions, but not over the governing political party and won only four seats in the 58-seat governing body. The CIA, having drafted Operation PBFORTUNE, was already concerned about Arbenz's potential Communist ties. United Fruit had been lobbying the CIA to oust reform governments in Guatemala since Arevalo's time but it wasn't until the Eisenhower administration that it found an ear in the White House. In 1954, the Eisenhower administration was still flush with victory from its covert operation to topple the Mossadegh government in Iran the year before. CIA operative Kermit Roosevelt, the architect of the coup in Iran, described briefing Secretary Dulles: "^*e seemed almost alarmingly enthusiastic. His eyes were glistening; he seemed to be purring like a giant cat. Clearly he was not only enjoying what he was hearing, but my instincts told me that he was planning as well."Stephen Kinzer, All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror, Wiley, 2003, pg 209 In February 1954, the CIA began Operation WASHTUB, a plan to plant a phony Soviet arms cache in Nicaragua to demonstrate Guatemalan ties to Moscow. http://www.coha.org/NEW_PRESS_RELEASES/Matt%20Ward/MW_Appendix_A.htm, Accessed February 2006

In May 1954, Czech weaponry arrived in Guatemala aboard the Swedish ship Alfhem. The U.S. claimed this as final proof of Arbenz's Soviet links. Supporters for Arbenz, however, note that the Guatemalans repeatedly attempted to buy weapons from Western Europe and only turned to the Czechs after failing to purchase arms elsewhere. The Arbenz government was convinced a U.S.-sponsored invasion was imminent: it had previously released detailed accounts of the CIA's Operation PBFORTUNE (called the White Papers) and perceived US actions at the OAS convention in Caracas that year as a lead-up to intervention. The administration ordered the CIA to sponsor a coup d'état, code-named Operation PBSUCCESS that toppled the government. Arbenz resigned on June 27, 1954 and was forced to flee, seeking refuge in the Mexican Embassy.

Later life

He initially stayed in Mexico, and then he and his family moved to Switzerland. The Swiss government would only allow him to stay if Arbenz gave up his Guatemalan citizenship. Refusing to do so, Arbenz moved to Paris, and then to Prague. Czech officials were uncomfortable with his stay, unsure if he would demand the Czech government to repay him for the poor quality of arms that they had sold him in 1954. After only three months, he moved again, this time to Moscow. He tried several times to return to Latin America, and was finally allowed to move to Uruguay in 1957.

In 1960, after the Cuban Revolution, Fidel Castro asked Arbenz to move to Cuba, which Arbenz readily agreed to. However, he soon became upset with the path that Castro had chosen for Cuba. In 1965, his eldest and favorite daughter, Arabella, killed herself in Bogotá, Colombia, and Arbenz was devastated by her death. He was allowed to return to Mexico to bury his daughter and, eventually, was allowed to stay in Mexico. On January 27, 1971, Arbenz died in his bathroom, either by drowning or scalding due to hot water. The circumstances under which Arbenz died are still suspect.

References and notes

Early life

Presidency and coup

Later life

See also

Further reading

References and notes

Gourt Home::Gourt :: Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán

Early life

Presidency and coup

Later life

See also

Further reading

References and notes