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The Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) program is a worldwide initiative to add information and communications technology to transport infrastructure and vehicles. It aims to manage factors that are typically at odds with each other such as vehicles, loads, and routes to improve safety and reduce vehicle wear, transportation times and fuel costs.

Background

Interest in ITS comes from the problems caused by traffic congestion worldwide and a synergy of new information technologies for simulation, real-time control and communications networks. Traffic congestion has been increasing world-wide as a result of increased motorization, urbanization, population growth and changes in population density. Congestion reduces utilization of the transportation infrastructure and increases travel time, air pollution and fuel consumption.

The Developed World saw large increases in both motorization and urbanization starting in the 1920s that lead to migration of the population from the sparsely populated rural areas and the densely packed urban areas into suburbs. The industrial economy replaced the agricultural economy leading the population to move from rural locations into urban centers. At the same time, motorization was causing cities to expand because motorized transportation could not support the population density that the existing mass transit systems could support. Suburbs provided a reasonable compromise between population density and access to a wide variety of employment, goods and services that were available in the densily populated urban centers. Further, suburbs can be built quickly, supporting a rapid transition from a rural/agricultural economy to an industrial/urban economy.

Recent governmental activity in the area of ITS—specifically in the USA—is further motivated by the perceived need for Homeland Security. Many of the ITS systems proposed also involve surveillance of the roadways, which is a priority of homeland security. Funding of many systems comes either directly through homeland security organizations, or comes with their approval. Further, ITS can play a role in the rapid mass evacuation of people in urban centers after mass casualty events or as a result of a natural disaster or threat. Much of the infrastructure and planning involved with ITS parallels that needed for homeland security.

In the Developing World the migration of people from rural to urbanized habitats has progressed quite differently. Many areas of the Developing World have urbanized without significant motorization and the formation of suburbs. In areas like Santiago, Chile a high population density is supported by a multimodal system of walking, bicycle transportation, motorcycles, busses and trains. A small portion of the population can afford automobiles, but the automobiles greatly increase the congestion in these multimodal transportation systems. They also produce a considerable amount of air pollution, pose a significant safety risk and exacerbate feelings of inequities in the society.

Other parts of the Developing World such as China remain largely rural, but are rapidly urbanizing and industrializing. In these areas a motorized infrastructure is being developed along side motorization of the population. Great disparity of wealth means that only a fraction of the population can motorize and therefore the highly dense multimodal transportation system for the poor is cross-cut by the highly motorized transportation system for the rich. In these areas the urban infrastructure is being rapidly developed, providing an opportunity for building new systems incorporating ITS from the beginning.

Intelligent Transportation Technologies

Intelligent Transportation Systems vary in technologies applied, from basic management systems such as car navigation, traffic light control systems, container management systems, variable message signs or speed cameras to monitoring applications such as security CCTV systems, and then to more advanced applications which integrate live data and feedback from a number of other sources, such as realtime weather, bridge de-icing systems, and the like. Additionally, predictive techniques are being developed, to allow advanced modeling and comparison with historical baseline data. Some of the constituent technologies typically implemented in ITS are described in the following sections.

In the period from 1992 to around 1995 the ITS sector was known as Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS). At the time it was recognised that all forms of transport could benefit from the application of information and communications technologies. However the term ICT had not yet been described in popular vernacular. The global leaders in ITS at the time then determined that there needed to be a term to describe the application of ICT to transport and coined the term Intelligent Transport Systems.

Wireless Communications

Various forms of wireless communications technologies have been proposed for intelligent transportation systems. Short-range communications (less than 500 yards) can be accomplished using IEEE 802.11 protocols or the Dedicated Short Range Communications standard being promoted by the Intelligent Transportation Society of America and the United States Department of Transportation. Theoretically the range of these protocols can be extended using Mobile ad-hoc networks or Mesh networking.

Longer range communications has been proposed using infrastructure networks such as WiMAX (IEEE 802.16), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) or 3G. Long-range communications using these methods is well established, but unlike the short-range protocols these methods require an extensive infrastructure beyond what is installed in a vehicle. There is lack of consensus as to what business model should support this infrastructure.

Computational Technologies

Recent advances in vehicle electronics have lead to a move toward fewer more capable computer processors on a vehicle. A typical vehicle in the early 2000s would have between 20 and 100 individual networked microcontroller/Programmable logic controller modules with non-real-time operating systems. The current trend is toward fewer more costly microprocessor modules with hardware memory management and Real-Time Operating Systems. The new embedded system platforms (computing) allow for more sophisticated software applications to be implemented, including model-based process control, artificial intelligence and ubiquitous computing. Perhaps the most important of these for Intelligent Transportation Systems is artificial intelligence.

Sensing Technologies

New sensing technologies have greatly enhanced what can be done using Intelligent Transportation Systems. Sensing systems can be either infrastructure systems or vehicle based systems. Infrastructure sensors tend to be devices that are installed in the road or around the road, usually as part of road construction/maintenance, while vehicle sensors tend to be those sensors that are found installed in a vehicle.

Infrastructure
=Traffic Flow/Speed measurements
=

Inductive loop detection

Inductive loops can be placed in a roadbed to detect vehicles as they pass over the loop by measuring the vehicle's magnetic field. The simplest detectors simply count the number of vehicles during a unit of time (typically 60 seconds in the United States) that pass over the loop, while more sophisticated sensors estimate the speed, length and weight of vehicles and the distance between them. Loops can be placed in a single lane or across multiple lanes, and they work with very slow or stopped vehicles as well as vehicles moving at high-speed.

Infrared vehicle detection

Video vehicle detector

Speed detection devices

=Surveillance devices
=
Vehicle
=Position/Speed/Bearing detectors
=
=Image Processors
=

Intelligent Transportation Applications

Electronic toll collection

Electronic toll collection (ETC) makes it possible for vehicles to drive through toll gates at traffic speed, reducing congestion at toll plazas and automating toll collection. Originally ETC systems were used to automate toll collection, but more recent innovations have used ETC to enforce cordon zones in city centers and ETC Lanes.

Until recent years most ETC systems were based on using radio devices in vehicles that would use proprietary protocols to identify a vehicle as it passed under a gantry over the roadway. More recently there has been a move to standardize ETC protocols around the Dedicated Short Range Communications protocol that has been promoted for vehicle safety by the Intelligent Transportation Society of America, ETICO and ITS Japan.

Whilst communication frequencies and standards do differ around the world there has been a broad push toward vehicle infrastructure integration (VII) aroundthe 5.9GHz frequency (802.11.x WAVE)

ITS Australia also facilitated via its National Electronic Tolling Committee representing all jurisdictions and toll road operators interoperability of toll tags in Australia for the multi lane free flow tolls roads.

Other systems that have been used include barcode stickers, license plate recognition, infrared communication systems and Radio Frequency Identification Tags (see M6 Toll tag).

Emergency Vehicle Notification Systems

Cordon Zones

Cordon zones are used primarily in urban centers where mass transit is an alternative to driving. Drivers entering a cordon zone are charged a toll that exceeds the cost of mass transit

Cordon zones have been implemented in Singapore and in London, England where a special toll is collected when entering a congested city center using Electronic Toll Collection, licence plate

ETC Lanes

Traveler Information Systems

ITS History in the United States

  • 1970s - Electronic Route Guidance System (ERGS)
  • 1990 - Mobility 2000
  • 1991 - Formation of ITS America
  • 1991 - Strategic Plan Development
  • 1991 - ISTEA, Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
  • 1994 - National ITS Architecture, defined national ITS structure for interoperability
  • 1996 - Major Regional Initiatives
  • 1996 - Automated Visibility and Speed Warning System in San Joaquin County, California
  • 1997 - Automated Highway Demonstration in San Diego
  • 1998 - TEA-21
  • 2002 - Ten-Year ITS Plan
  • 2003 - TEA-21 Reauthorization

Outline

The ITS program was originally called Intelligent Vehicle/Highway Systems.

Intelligent Transportation Systems are a set of related technologies, including:

Most advanced surface transportation technologies now are pitched under the ITS rubric. In Europe, it is often called Telematics.

See also

External links

  • http://its.ou.edu - University of Oklahoma ITS Lab
  • http://www.its-australia.com.au - Australian ITS Source - 1terabyte library website.
  • http://www.its.dot.gov/ - U.S. DOT's ITS website.
  • http://faculty.washington.edu/~jbs/itrans/ - site run by Professor Jerry Schneider at the University of Washington with best set of links to innovative transportation projects worldwide
  • http://www.itsa.org - this is a public/private ITS policy setting group
  • http://www.ertico.com - European version of ITS America
  • http://www.njtide.org - Cooperative traffic systems lab of Rutgers, Princeton, and the New Jersey Institute of Technology
  • http://www.ibec-its.org - International, Benefits, Evaluation and Costs Working Group for the ITS community
  • Transportation Communications Newsletter
  • http://www.its.umn.edu/ - The Intelligent Transportation Systems Institute at the University of Minnesota
  • http://www.itsregistry.org.uk - The UK ITS Registry, following the ISO 14871 approach
  • http://www.ebu.ch/en/technical/projects/b_tpeg.php TPEG Draft Specifications
  • http://www.innovits.com - innovITS: UK Centre of Excellence for Transport Telematics and Sustainable Mobility
  • http://autoelectronics.com/mag/making_vehicles_highways/ - Making Vehicles and Highways Intelligent
  • http://www.intelligentvehicletechnologies.com - - Where Innovation Intelligence and Technology meet the Road Ahead - -

Transportation | Civil engineering | Engineering | Intelligent transportation system

Intelligente transportsystemer | Verkehrstelematik | Intelligent Transportation System | Intelligente Transport Systemen | 高度道路交通システム

 

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the "Intelligent transportation system".

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