Instrumental case

In linguistics, the instrumental case (also called the eighth case) indicates that a noun is the instrument or means by which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action. The noun may be either a physical object or an abstract concept.

For example, in this Latin sentence:

librum stylo scripsi.

the inflection of the noun indicates its instrumental role -- the nominative stylus changes to the ablative (the ablative of means) stylo. English, lacking an instrumental case, might use a preposition (usually with) to express the same meaning:

I wrote the book with a pen.

However, such a sentence structure is often altogether avoided in English by transforming the noun into a past-tense verb, e.g. "I penned the book." Technical descriptions often use the phrase "by means of", which has often conventionally been replaced by "via", which really means by way of.

The instrumental case appears in Old English, Georgian, Basque, Sanskrit, and the Balto-Slavic languages. An instrumental/comitative case is arguably present in Turkish and other Altaic languages. Also, Uralic languages reuse the adessive case where available, or locative case if not, to mark the same category. For example, the Finnish kirjoitan kynällä does not mean "I write on a pen", but "I write using a pen", even if the adessive -llä is used. In Ob-Ugric languages, the same category may also mark agents with verbs that use an ergative alignment, like "I give you, using a pen".

The instrumental case is most notably used in Russian, where the case is called tvoritelnij padezh ("Творительный падеж"). Though exceptions exist, the instrumental case in Russian can generally be distinguished by the -ом ("-om") suffix for most masculine and neuter nouns, and the -oй ("-oy") suffix for most feminine nouns. For example, in the sentence "я написал письмо ручкой" (ya napisal pis'mo ruchkoy), which means "I wrote the letter with (or by means of) a pen," the word Ручка (Ruchka, "pen") is in the instrumental case, as noted by the conversion of the feminine suffix -а to -oй.

However, in Russian, as with many Slavic languages, the instrumental case is not only used to denote the mean of a certain action, but also:

to denote a time where an action occurs ("during"). For example, in the sentence "я работаю утром" (ya rabotayu utrom), which means "I work during the day," the word утро (utro, "day, morning") in its instrumental case denotes the time in which the action (in the case of this example, "working") takes place ("during the day").

to denote a change of status. For example, in the sentence "сегодня я стал американским гражданином" (sevodnya ya stal amerikanskim grazhdaninom), which means "Today I became an American citizen," the word гражданин (grazhdanin, "citizen") is used in the instrumental case because it denotes a change of status (in this case, possibly from an immigrant to a citizen). However, it's not exclusively used with стать (stat', "to become"), but also other verbs too. For example, "сегодня я проснулся больным" (sevodnya ya prosnulsya bol'nym) means "I woke up sick today" ("больным" is the instrumental of "больной" (bol'noi), "sick").

to emphasize an attribute or profession, where in English "as" would be used. For example, "Я работаю переводчиком" (Ya rabotayu perevodchikom) means "I work as a translator" (contrast this with "я - переводчик" (Ya - perevodchik), which means "I'm a translator").
- (Logically speaking, the profession is the mean by which one does his or her job, hence the reason it's deployed in the instrumental case.)

Though the instrumental language does not exist in many languages, some languages use other cases to denote the mean, or instrument, of an action. In Classical Greek, for example, the dative case is used as the instrumental case. This can be seen in the sentence "," or "..me ktenei dolôi" (Book IX, line 407 of the Odyssey), which means "he kills me with a bait." Here, "," the dative of "δόλος" ("dolos" - a bait) is used as the instrumental case (the mean or instrument here is, obviously, the bait). In addition to Classical Greek, Latin also uses one of its cases (the ablative case) as the instrumental case, as seen in earlier in this article.

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Instrumental Case In Russian

Grammatical cases

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