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Indian citizenship/nationality law: The Constitution of India provides for a single citizenship for the entire country. The provisions relating to citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution are contained in Articles 5 to 11 in Part II of the Constitution of India. Relevant Indian legislation is the Citizenship Act 1955, which has been amended by the Citizenship (Amendment) Act 1986, the Citizenship (Amendment) Act 1992, the Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2003, and the Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance 2005. The Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2003 received the assent of the President of India on 7 January 2004 and came into force on 3 December 2004. The Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance 2005 was promulgated by the President of India and came into force on 28 June 2005.

Citizenship by Birth

On or after 26 January 1950, prior to the commencement of the 1986 Act on 1 July 1987, any person born in India was a citizen of India by birth. A person born in India on or after 1 July 1987 was a citizen of India if either parent was a citizen of India at the time of the birth. Those born in India on or after 3 December 2004 are considered citizens of India only if both of their parents are citizens of India or one of whose parents is a citizen of India and the other is not an illegal migrant at the time of their birth.

Citizenship by Descent

A person born outside India on or after 26 January 1950 but before 10 December 1992 is a citizen of India by descent, if his father was a citizen of India at the time of his birth.

A person born outside India on or after 10 December 1992, is considered as a citizen of India if either of his parents is a citizen of India at the time of his birth.

From 3 December 2004, a person born outside India shall not be a citizen of India unless his birth is registered at an Indian consulate within one year of the date of birth, or with the permission of the Central Government after the expiry of the one year period. An application, for registration of the birth of a minor child, must be made to an Indian consulate and must be accompanied by an undertaking in writing from the parents of such minor child that he or she does not hold the passport of another country.

Citizenship by Registration

The Central Government may, on an application, register as a citizen of India under section 5 of the Citizenship Act 1955 any person (not being an illegal migrant) if he belongs to any of the following categories:

(a) a person of Indian origin who is ordinarily resident in India for seven years before making an application for registration;

(b) a person of Indian origin who is ordinarily resident in any country or place outside undivided India;

(c) a person who is married to a citizen of India and is ordinarily resident in India for seven years before making an application for registration;

(d) minor children of persons who are citizens of India;

(e) a person of full age and capacity whose parents are registered as citizens of India by ordinary residence in India for seven years;

(f) a person of full age and capacity who, or either of his parents, was earlier citizen of independent India, and has been residing in India for one year immediately before making an application for registration;

(g) a person of full age and capacity who has been registered as an overseas citizen of India for five years, and who has been residing in India for one year before making an application for registration.

Citizenship by Naturalisation

Citizenship of India by naturalisation can be acquired by a foreigner who has resided in India for twelve years. The applicant must have lived a total of 11 years in India in a period of 14 years, and must have spent in India the past 12 months preceding the application.

Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution of India**

Persons domiciled in the territory of India as on 26 November 1949 automatically became Indian citizens by virtue of operation of the relevant provisions of the Indian Constitition coming into force (the majority of the constitutional provisions came into force on 26 January 1950). The Constitution of India also made provisions regarding citizenship for migrants from territories of Pakistan. This is because during the framing of the constitution, British India was partitioned into India and Pakistan (both seceding from the British Empire) and the constitution framers thought it was necessary to provide in some manner, for the legitimisation of refugee entrants from Pakistan who were previously citizens of British India. Therefore, migrants during the time of partition, shortly before or thereafter were also provided automatic citizenship.

Renunciation of Indian citizenship

Renunciation is covered in Section 8 of the Citizenship Act 1955. If an adult makes a declaration of renunciation of Indian citizenship, he loses Indian citizenship. In addition any minor child of that person also loses Indian citizenship from the date of renunciation. When the child reaches the age of eighteen, he has the right to resume Indian citizenship. The provisions for making a declaration of renunciation under Indian citizenship law require that the person making the declaration be "of full age and capacity."

Automatic Termination of Indian citizenship

Termination is covered in Section 9 of the Citizenship Act, 1955. The provisions for termination are separate and distinct from the provisions for making a declaration of renunciation.

Section 9(1) of the act provides that any citizen of India who by naturalisation or registration acquires the citizenship of another country shall cease to be a citizen of India. It also provides that any citizen of India who voluntarily acquires the citizenship of another country shall cease to be a citizen of India. Notably, the termination provision differs from the renunciation provision because it applies to "any citizen of India" and is not restricted to adults. Indian children therefore also automatically lose their claim to Indian citizenship if at any time after birth they acquire a citizenship of another country by, for example, naturalisation or registration.

The acquisition of another country's passport is also deemed under the Citizenship Rules, 1956 to be voluntary acquisition of another country’s nationality. Rule 3 of Schedule III of the Citizenship Rules, 1956 states that "the fact that a citizen of India has obtained on any date a passport from the Government of any other country shall be conclusive proof of his having voluntarily acquired the citizenship of that country before that date". It does not matter that a person continues to hold an Indian passport. Persons who acquire another citizenship lose Indian citizenship with from the date on which they acquire that citizenship or another country's passport. The prevailing practice at a number of British diplomatic posts, for example, is to impound and return to the Indian authorities the Indian passports of those applicants who apply for and are granted British passports. However, rule 3 has been amended out of the Rules at least as amended up to 20-4-2000.

Special rules exist for Indian citizens with a connection to Goa, Daman and Diu. Rule 3A of Schedule III of the Citizenship Rules, 1956 states that "Where a person, who has become an Indian Citizen by virtue of the Goa, Daman and Diu (Citizenship) Order, 1962, or the Dadra and Nagar Haveli (Citizenship) Order 1962, issued under section 7 of the Citizenship Act, 1955 (57 of 1955) holds a passport issued by the Government of any other country, the fact that he has not surrendered the said passport on or before the 19th January, 1963 shall be conclusive proof of his having voluntarily acquired the citizenship of that country before that date.

On 16 February 1962, a Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court of India held in the case of Izhar Ahmad Khan Vs. Union of India that "If it is shown that the person has acquired foreign citizenship either by naturalisation or registration, there can be no doubt that he ceases to be a citizen of India in consequence of such naturalisation or registration."

Overseas citizenship of India

The Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2003 and Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance 2005 make provision for a new form of Indian nationality, the holders of which are to be known as Overseas citizens of India. The Constitution of India does not permit dual citizenship or dual nationality, except for minors where the second nationality was involuntarily acquired. Indian authorities have interpreted the law to mean a person can't have a second country's passport simultaneously with an Indian one, and the Indian courts have given the executive branch wide discretion over this matter. Therefore, Overseas Citizenship of India is not a full citizenship of India and therefore, does not amount to dual citizenship or dual nationality.

The Central Government may, on application, register any person as an Overseas Citizen of India if that Person is of Indian Origin and is from a country which allows dual citizenship in some form or the other. Broadly speaking, a "Person of Indian Origin" is a citizen of another country who:

  • was a citizen of India on 26 January 1950 or at any time thereafter; or
  • was eligible to become a citizen of India on 26 January 1950; or
  • belonged to a territory that became part of India after the 15th day of August, 1947;
  • is the child or grand-child of a person described above; and
  • has never been a citizen of Pakistan or Bangladesh.

Indian Missions are authorized to grant applications for Overseas citizenship of India within 15 days to cases where there is no involvement in serious offences like drug trafficking, moral turpitude, terrorist activities or anything leading to imprisonment of more than a year.

The introduction of Overseas Indian Citizenship does not entitle people who have acquired, or are planning to acquire, foreign nationality, to retain their Indian passports. The law continues to require that Indian citizens who take foreign nationality must immediately surrender their Indian passports. Those who are eligible can then apply for registration as Overseas Indian Citizens.

There is no plan to issue Indian passports to Overseas Citizens of India, although the registration certificate will be in the form of a passport-like booklet (similar to the PIO Card - see below). The Cabinet has also directed the Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs to work on a proposal to give biometric smart cards to registered Overseas Citizens of India.

An Overseas Citizen of India will enjoy all rights and privileges available to Non-Resident Indians excluding the right to invest in agriculture and plantation properties. There is no visa requirement for travel to India. The person has to carry his existing foreign passport along with Registration Certificate. Alternately, the Overseas Citizen of India can apply for a new type of visa called ‘U’ visa which is a multi-purpose, multiple-entry, life-long visa for those that wish to acquire it. It will entitle the Overseas Citizen of India to visit the country at any time for any length of time and for any purpose.

An Overseas Citizen of India will not enjoy the following rights even if resident in India: (i) the right to vote, (ii) the right to hold the offices of President, Vice-President, Judge of Supreme Court and High Court, Member of Lok sabha, Rajya Sabha, Legislative Assembly or Council, (iii) appointment to Public Services (Government Service).

Although Overseas Citizenship of India is not a full citizenship of India, it is a form of Indian nationality. Article 4 of the Hague Convention on Certain Questions relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws, 1930 provides that "a State may not afford diplomatic protection to one of its nationals against a state whose nationality such person also possesses". Therefore, international law limits the ability of a country to provide consular protection to its citizens or nationals in their country of second nationality. A person registered as an Overseas Citizen of India, who is also a citizen of another country will therefore lose their right to consular protection of their home country when in India , assuming the other state recognizes the status of Overseas Citizen of India as a form of nationality. The latter point is doubtful since this status does not include possession of a travel document (i.e. the holder enters India on another country's passport, and must renew the other country's passport if it expires while in India) nor most of the other attributes of nationality (e.g. presumably a holder of an OCI card may be denied entry or deported from India, may have the status removed arbitrarily at any time, etc.) It's also not clear whether India will provide consular protection to holders of OCI cards while present in third countries. This matter has not been tested in the courts yet.

Many persons of Indian origin eligible to apply for Overseas Citizenship of India are considering whether they prefer to obtain Overseas Citizenship of India, or a Person of Indian Origin card (PIO card - see below) which offers virtually identical benefits while preserving their right to consular protection in India (if one accepts the theory stated above that OCI is a kind of nationality).

Acquiring Overseas citizenship of India prevents British nationals from registering as full British citizens under Section 4B of the British Nationality Act of 1981 (which requires that nationals have no other citizenship in order to register.) It does not prevent them from acquiring full British citizenship by a different method and it does not revoke their British citizenship if they have already registered under Section 4B. **

The Government of India's Public Information Bureau issued a press release which explains the Scheme for Overseas citizenship of India on 29 June 2005.

A number of other articles have been written including:

Person of Indian Origin (PIO) Card

Any person currently holding a non-Indian passport, who can prove their Indian origin up to three generations before (or is the spouse of a citizen of India or person of Indian origin), is eligible for a Person of Indian Origin card. Citizens of Pakistan, Bangladesh and other countries as may be specified by the Central Government are not be eligible for grant of PIO Cards. PIO cards give the holder the following benefits: (a) visa-free entry into India for fifteen years, (b) exemption from registration at a Foreigners' Regional Registration Office if the period of stay in India does not exceed 180 days (for stay of more than 180 days, the PIO card holder needs to register at a FRRO office), and (c) PIO card holders enjoy parity with Non-Resident Indians in economic, financial and educational fields.

A PIO Card is generally valid for a period of fifteen years from the date of issue.

PIO holders can acquire, hold, transfer or dispose of immovable properties in India (except agricultural/ plantation properties), open rupee bank accounts in India, lend in rupees to Indian residents, make investments in India etc. PIO holders’ children can obtain admission in educational institutions in India in the general category quota for Non-Resident Indians, including Medical, Engineering colleges, IITs & IIMs. PIO holders are eligible for various Housing schemes under Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) or Central/State Governments. Possession of a PIO card will not entitle the holder to: (a) be eligible for the exercise of any political rights, (b) visit restricted/protected areas without permission, and (c) undertake mountaineering, research and missionary work without permission.

British Nationality and India

Prior to 1 January 1949, Indians were British subjects under United Kingdom law. See British nationality law. Between 1 January 1949 and 25 January 1950, Indians remained British subjects without citizenship unless they had already acquired citizenship of the UK & Colonies or another Commonwealth country.

On commencement of the Indian Constitution on 26 January 1950, under British Nationality law a person who became an Indian citizen also had the status of Commonwealth citizen (also known as a British subject with Commonwealth citizenship, a status which does not entitle the person to use a British passport) by virtue of their Indian citizenship and India's membership of the Commonwealth. However, a number of Indians did not acquire Indian citizenship on commencement of the Indian Constitution and retained British subject without citizenship status (which entitles a person to a British passport) unless they had acquired citizenship of another Commonwealth country. Any person who is solely a British subject (otherwise than by connection with the Republic of Ireland) will automatically lose British subject status on acquiring any other nationality or citizenship including Indian citizenship or Indian Overseas citizenship.

British subjects may register as British citizens under section 4B of the British Nationality Act 1981 without requiring any UK residence if they have no other citizenship or nationality and have not after 4 July 2002 renounced, voluntarily relinquished or lost through action or inaction any citizenship or nationality. This facility has been available since 30 April 2003. Those who have immigrated to the UK may have additional options for acquiring British citizenship, which are usually preferred because they give transmissible British citizenship with otherwise than by descent status.

From 1949 the meaning of the term British subject was substantially different to what had previously been the case and meant little more than a term to describe someone holding the citizenship of a Commonwealth country. Only a British subject without citizenship was entitled to a British passport. See British subject.

Citizenship clarifications issued by the Authorities

Indian Ministry of Home Affairs

The Indian Ministry of Home Affairs has published procedures and conditions for acquisition of Indian citizenship on its website.

Letter from the High Commission of India, London to the British Home Office


THE HIGH COMMISSION OF INDIA
CONSULAR SECTION
INDIA HOUSE, ALDWYCH
LONDON WC2B 4NA

TELEPHONE: 020-7836 8484 Extn 282 & 162
FAX: 020 7836 4331

No.Lon/Cons/408/2/2003 October 28 2003

Home Office,
Nationality Division,
3rd Floor, India Building,
Water Street,
Liverpool L2 0QN

Dear Sir/Madam,

A large number of British Overseas Citizens of Indian Origin living in the UK have been approaching us for issue of certificates stating that they are not Indian citizen.

We write to confirm that under the provisions of the Indian Constitution and the Citizenship Act 1955, an Indian Citizen ceases to be an Indian national if he/she acquires the Citizenship of any foreign state. Therefore any person of Indian origin holding a foreign passport including British Overseas Citizenship passport would cease to be a citizen of India and any Indian Passport held by him/her would be void. It is also confirmed that current Indian Laws do not permit dual nationality. In this context, a copy of note verbal No.T-432/3/2003 dated May 28 2003 addressed to The British High Commission, New Delhi issued by the Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi is enclosed herewith for information.

In view of the above we would be grateful if you would not insist on individual certificates from people of Indian origin holding any foreign passport including British Overseas Citizen passport.

Note Verbale of the Indian Ministry of External Affairs to the High Commission for Britain, New Delhi

NOTE VERBALE
MINISTRY OF EXTERNAL AFFAIRS
NEW DELHI

No.T-432/3/2003 New Delhi, May 28 2003

Ministry of External Affairs presents its compliments to the High Commission for Britain and has the honour to inform that a large number of British Overseas Citizens living in India are approaching the Ministry of Home Affairs of the Government of India for issue of non-citizenship certificates stating that they have not acquired Indian citizenship.

It is understood that the esteemed High Commission is insisting on production of non-citizenship certificates from the Government of India. In this regard, the Ministry of Home Affairs has requested this Ministry to convey to the esteemed High Commission that a foreigner, who is staying in India on a valid foreign passport and visa can not be a citizen of India at the same time, as dual citizenship is not permitted by the Government of India so far. Likewise, a citizen of India who acquires foreign citizenship automatically ceases to be a citizen of India under Section 9(1) of the Citizenship Act, 1955 of the Government of India.

Accordingly, the esteemed High Commission is, therefore, requested not to insist on non-citizenship certificates issued by the Government of India, from each and every individual. Instead, a certificate issued by the Foreigners’ Regional Registration Office of the Government of India to the effect that the person is registered with them as a foreigner should suffice for the purpose.

The Ministry of External Affairs avails itself of this opportunity to renew to the High Commission for Britain the assurance of its highest consideration.

British House of Lords Written Answer on matters related to Overseas Citizenship of India

House of Lords, 6 July 2005, Column WA 90
Lord Avebury asked Her Majesty's Government:
  • Whether (a) a British subject under the British Nationality Act 1981, other than by connection to the Republic of Ireland, or (b) a British protected person, who acquires by registration Overseas Citizenship of India would automatically lose the status as a British subject or British protected person as a consequence; and *
  • Whether an otherwise stateless British overseas citizen, British subject (under the British Nationality Act 1981) or British protected person who acquires overseas citizenship of India would automatically cease to have an entitlement to register as a British citizen under Section 4B of the British Nationality Act 1981. *
Baroness Scotland of Asthal (Minister of State, Home Office):
  • If a British subject under the British Nationality Act 1981, other than by connection to the Republic of Ireland, or a British protected person, acquired Indian Overseas citizenship they would automatically lose their status as a British subject or British protected person.
  • Any British national holding Indian Overseas citizenship would be ineligible for registration as a British citizen {added to clarify} under Section 4B since they could not meet the requirements of Section 4B(2)(b) of the British Nationality Act 1981 to hold no other citizenship or nationality.

Lok Sabha statement on Section 9(1) of Citizenship Act, 1955

UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 3891'''
ANSWERED ON THE 20th DECEMBER, 2005 / AGRAHAYANA 29, 1927
(SAKA)

CITIZENSHIP ACT, 1955

3891. SHRI HARISINH CHAVDA:

Will the Minister of HOME AFFAIRS be pleased to state:

(a) whether the termination provision of section 9(1) of the Citizenship Act, 1955 applies to all the citizens of India or only adult citizens of India;

(b) if so, the details in this regard;

(c) whether before commencement of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2003 an Indian citizen minor lawfully acquired British nationality after applying for registration as a British national, does the minor cease to be a citizen of India under section 9(1) of the Citizenship Act, 1955;

(d) if so, the details thereof?

ANSWER

MINSTER OF STATE IN THE MINSTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS
(SHRI SRIPRAKASH JAISWAL)

(a) & (b): The provisions of Section 9(1) of the Citizenship Act, 1955 apply to all the citizens of India.

(c): Yes, Sir.

(d): If a minor acquires British National Overseas/British Dependent Territories Citizen, he/she ceases to be Indian citizen, whether before or after the said amendment.

Issues in the current debates, dialogues, and narratives of Indian citizenship

Indian citizenship cannot normally be held in combination with any other citizenship. A Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court of India has ruled that there is "no doubt that the Constitution does not favour plural or dual citizenship", see Izhar Ahmad Khan and Ors v. The Union of India (AIR 1962 SC 1052). Dual citizenship is contrary to the settled principles of law as provided in the statutes and as held by the Indian courts from time to time. The judgment of a Division Bench of the High Court of Delhi, being K.L.Modi v. Union of India, through Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, New Delhi: AIR 1970 Del 76, clearly holds that: “Dual Citizenship does not seem to us to be possible under our law except to the limited extent as contemplated by the proviso to section 9(1) of the Citizenship Act”. This has been reiterated in several other cases including, (i) Govt. of Andhra Pradesh vs. Syed Mohd. Khan: (1962) Supp. 3 SCR 288; (ii) Mohd. Ayub Khan v. Commissioner of Police, Madras, (1965) 2 SCR 884, (iii) Bhanwaroo Khan v. Union of India: 2002 (4) SCC 346 and (iv) Izhar Ahmad Khan and Ors v. The Union of India (AIR 1962 SC 1052).

Although the above describes that Indian law does not "favour" plural nationality, It does give possibility for exception ("except to the limited extent as contemplated by the proviso to section 9(1) of the Citizenship Act", which provides that the subsection shall not apply to a citizen of India who, during any war in which India may be engaged, voluntarily acquires, the citizenship of another country, until the Central Government otherwise directs.) Since laws, people, and governments change over time, one could foresee a change and the legal seeds for the possibility of dual citizenship do exist. Even currently, under two successive governments India has moved towards creating what has popularly described as dual citizenship and has finally anti-climactically created the Overseas Citizenship of India. This is an express legal declaration of no dual citizenship for holders of OCI, despite the ironic and misleading term Overseas Citizenship regardless of the substantial lack of rights and protections for OCI "citizens". U.S. is another country that even today does not favor plural citizenship. However, although at one point in time, multiple nationality was contrary to the settled principles of law as provided in the statutes and as held by the American courts, the courts today have reversed themselves and the State Department generally in practice only terminates citizenship of those who expressly declare their intent to do so.

Unexamined issues in the current debates, dialogues, and narratives of Indian citizenship

The Indian citizenship laws do not seem to expressly ban dual or multiple nationality. If so, then it would made either clear that India does not recognize Indian citizens as able to hold or acquire other citizenships or that any Indian citizen holding any other citizenship is automatically terminated of citizenship rights in India. The laws and rules clarify and prescribe what defines citizens of India, who, and how (and specifically under what rules of evidence) a person can have that citizenship terminated. India, along with many countries currently and at different stages of legal development, do specifically terminate citizenship for individuals who voluntarily acquire foreign citizenship.

This does not include citizens who are born with citizenship from lex sanguinis and lex soli. Specifically, what is not being discussed is that India recognizes that citizenship by descent and citizenship by registration are not the same. Under the effect of different laws, a person could be a citizen by descent and not be required to register under subsequent laws enacted that would force the individual to effectively choose a citizenship. For example, an Indian father's (a citizen of India by birth at the time of his child's birth) child born in the United States before 10th December 1992 has dual nationality under existing law. Under Indian law, this person fits the definition of an Indian citizen by descent. Under American law, this person fits the definition of a U.S. citizen so long as the father was not diplomatic staff. Section 9(1) of the Citizenships Act terminates citizenship of those who by naturalization or registration acquire foreign citizenship. This applies to immigrants to the U.S., Britain, etceteras. However, this provision does not simply terminate citizenship because a foreign country claims an individual legally qualifies as a citizenship. Section 9(1) is very specific in language and does not terminate citizenship of all people who hold foreign citizenship.

India in effect has created an apartheid system of different classes of "citizenship" with the The Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2003 and Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance 2005, it is not a dual citizenship or dual nationality law. It is a sub-class of rights that is extraordinary for foreign citizens. How does this effects dual citizens as fitting in circumstances that are functionally similar to the described example? The Indian bureaucracy is currently in practical effect using the power allocated to the government to simply deny the citizenship rights of many individuals who seem to fit the legal requirements of citizenship under Indian law--through simply disqualifying passport applications that the children of Indian national fathers that are not diplomatic staff born before 10th December 1992.

In the United States, the Supreme Court since Afroyim v. Rusk 1967 has severely limited the government's ability to terminate citizenship to those cases in which an individual engaged in conduct with an intention of abandoning her citizenship. In the wake of administrative practice changes adopted by the U.S. Department of State during the mid 1990s, it is now virtually impossible to lose one's citizenship without expressly renouncing it before a U.S. consular officer. In India, the High Court in contrast has expressly deferred to the government's power in this issue. However, the Indian government is still constrained by constitutional law. Since Rule 3 of Schedule III of the 1956 Citizenship Rules is directed against the voluntary acquisition of passport, how is that effected by legal requirements of U.S. citizens to travel to and from the U.S. with a U.S. Passport? Also, the rule is no longer in effect, so when was it's time of legal effectiveness? Furthermore, the idea of rule 3 is a guideline as a rule of evidence, in which the Indian government has great discretion especially in regards to the wide deference the High Court has in recognizing citizenship termination as a power fo the government, but the voluntary acquisition of a foreign passport presumably is an action to terminate citizenship under the view that it is a citizen voluntary acquiring another citizenship as is registration and naturalization. An individual with dual citizenship acquiring a passport from the foreign citizenship (that the individual dually holds) is clearly not voluntarily acquiring a foreign citizenship. They are simply having their dual citizenship recognized, they are exercising their rights as citizens. The operating logic being that no citizen shall be deprived of their citizenship unless they voluntarily give it up.

The U.S. Supreme Court used the Fourteenth Amendment as the basis that the U.S. government cannot takeaway a citizen's citizenship involuntarily in Afroyim v. Rusk 1967. The Fourteenth Amendment secures the rights of freed slaves and blacks' citizenship. This was held to apply to all citizens under United States v. Wong Kim Ark 1898, in which the Supreme Court reasoned the 14th Amendment had to be viewed in the light of English common law tradition that had excluded from citizenship at birth only two classes of people: (1) children born to foreign diplomats, and (2) children born to enemy forces engaged in hostile occupation of the country's territory. An act of Congress, the Supreme Court held, does not trump the Constitution; such a law "cannot control Constitution's meaning, or impair its effect, but must be construed and executed in subordination to its provisions." The majority in Afroyim also pointed to the Titles of Nobility Amendment, a proposed constitutional amendment from the early nineteenth century. It was passed by Congress in 1810 but never ratified by the states. This amendment would have removed the citizenship of any U.S. citizen who accepted a title of nobility from a foreign government. The majority reasoned that the fact that this was passed as a constitutional amendment, rather than a simple law, shows that, even before the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment, Congress did not believe that it had the power to strip U.S. citizenship from anyone.

The Indian Constitution has Article 10, "Every person who is or is deemed to be a citizen of India under any of the foregoing Provisions of this Part shall, subject to the provisions of any law that may be made by Parliament, continue to be such citizen." However, the High Court has deferred to the Indian government because of Article 11, "Nothing in the foregoing provisions of this Part shall derogate from the power to Parliament to make any provision with respect to the acquisition and termination of citizenship and all other matters relating to citizenship." How exactly is the Indian government limited in termination of citizenship and what rules does it actually follow? India also follows the English common law tradition. Multiple nationality is murky law. Most countries, like the United States officially deplore it, but tolerate it. In all, 93 nations permit dual citizenship in one form or another.

The current narrative needs to answer these questions and focus on the rights of dual citizens as they currently exist, especially when the Indian government is contemplating voting rights for overseas citizens. Furthermore, the rights of Indians born as British subjects before 1950 should also be explored. Although in practical effect and defined law, it is clearly defined and seemingly these Indians have been restricted of rights. The importance of an analysis and an argument against how the law is enacted and/or practiced would be of great value. The discrimination in applying such laws to include citizenship rights, formerly prescribed to all nationals that were British Subjects under the English common law tradition, to whites under coded legal language (one could argue--de facto discrimination in place of de jure discrimination--ascribing rights to individuals whose recent ancestors could be traced as residents in the United Kingdom Counties, in effect allowing British whites to settle in the UK and banning British Asians and Africans from settling in the UK) and excluding the colonized, the non-European. This is a perpetuation of the second class citizenship of the colonized. This has still been an important issue in the post-Colonial era. Despite, the Imperial system being supposedly overthrown, one population is still favoured over the other along the lines of the Imperial racism. This has been shown in the restriction of Commonwealth immigration from Asia and Africa after the 1950s in the UK. Also, the plight of the British Asian Ugandans in light of whether they have Indian nationality or British nationality is another hallmark of this issue. Whether residents of Hong Kong had the right to migrate to the UK, or also India in the case of ethnic India who were British Hong Kong nationals is a marker in the issue of the post-Colonial national identities. Whether Nepalese soldiers deserve the same pensions that mostly white soldiers in the UK receive is another marker in the issue of the post-Colonial national identities.

Persons may have multiple nationality by automatic operation of different laws rather than by choice. This issues needs to be further studied in regard to Indian nationality law.

External links

Nationality law | International relations Indian law

Indiskt medborgarskap

 

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the "Indian nationality law".

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