Ian Fleming

Ian Lancaster Fleming (May 28, 1908 – August 12, 1964) was an English author and journalist, best remembered for writing the James Bond series of novels as well as the children's story, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang.

Biography

Ian Fleming was born in Mayfair, London, to Valentine Fleming, a Member of British Parliament, and his wife Evelyn St. Croix Fleming (née Rose). Ian was the younger brother of the travel writer Peter Fleming and the older brother of Michael and Richard Fleming.

Ian was educated at Eton College and Sandhurst military academy. He won the Victor Ludorum, at Eton, two years running, something that had only been achieved once before him. After an early departure from Sandhurst which he found uncongenial, he was sent by his mother to study languages on the continent, first at Kitzbühel, Austria, at a small private establishment run by the Adlerian disciples, Ernan Forbes Dennis and his American-born wife, the novelist Phyllis Bottome, to improve his German and prepare him for the Foreign Office exams then at Munich University, Germany and finally to improve his French at the University of Geneva in Switzerland.

Fleming was unsuccessful at the attempt to join the Foreign Office and subsequently worked as, firstly as a sub-editor and journalist for the Reuters news service, including for a time in 1933 in Moscow, Russia and later as a stockbroker with Rowe and Pitman, in Bishopsgate.

World War II

In 1939, on the eve of World War II, Rear Admiral John Godfrey, Director of Naval Intelligence of the Royal Navy, recruited Fleming (who at the time held the rank of reserve subaltern in the Black Watch) as personal assistant. Initially commissioned as a Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve lieutenant, he was subsequently promoted to Lieutenant commander, then as Commander.

While in Naval Intelligence, Fleming conceived, and was author of Operation Ruthless, a plan — left unexecuted — for capturing the German naval version of the Wehrmacht's Enigma communications encoder. He also came up with an attempt to use British occultist Aleister Crowley to trick Rudolph Hess into attempting to contact a faux cell of anti-Churchill Englishmen in Britain. This plan wasn't used, however, as Rudolph Hess had flown to Scotland and parachuted in an attempt to broker peace behind Hitler's back. Anthony Masters's book The Man Who Was M: The Life of Charles Henry Maxwell Knight asserts Fleming conceived the plan that successfully lured Hess into flying to Scotland — in May 1941, to negotiate Anglo–German peace with Churchill — and consequent captivity; this claim has no other source. Fleming also formulated Operation Goldeneye, a plan to maintain communication with Gibraltar as well as a plan of defence if Spain had joined the Axis Powers and along with Germany had invaded the land.

In June 1941 General William Donovan requested that Fleming write a memorandum describing the structure and functions of a secret service organisation, which Fleming did and was rewarded with a .38 Police Positive Colt revolver with the inscription, "For Special Services." Parts of this memorandum were later used in the official charter for the OSS, which was later dissolved after World War II in 1945. The descendant of the OSS, the Central Intelligence Agency was proposed and created 2 years later.

In 1942 Fleming formed an Auxiliary Unit known as 30 AU, which he nicknamed as his own "Red Indians." 30 AU was specifically trained at lock-picking, safe-cracking, various forms of unarmed combat, and other techniques and skills for collecting intelligence. As Fleming's responsibility, he meticulously planned all their raids, going so far as to memorize aerial photographs so that their missions could be planned out to the detail. Although very successful, 30 AU was eventually taken away from Fleming on D-Day.

It is often reported, and perpetuated by Fleming, that he travelled to Whitby, Ontario to train at Camp X, a top secret training school for Allied forces. This is, however, most likely not true, as no evidence to Fleming being at Camp X has ever been retrieved, nor do any of the staff recall Fleming ever being there.

Writing career

As the DNI's personal assistant, Fleming's intelligence work was the background and experience for writing the James Bond novels. The first Bond novel was Casino Royale, published in 1953. It is believed the woman character, Vesper Lynd, was inspired by real-life SOE agent, Christine Granville; likewise, various inspirations for James Bond, the protagonist, have been suggested. Besides writing the twelve novels and nine short stories featuring James Bond, secret agent 007, Ian Fleming also is known for writing the children's novel, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. The James Bond books became wildly successful and part of 1950s popular culture even before being filmed, permitting Fleming to retire comfortably to his home he had in Jamaica, a small cottage he called 'Goldeneye' where he wrote all the Bond novels.

It is not known specifically why Fleming chose that name, however, it could have been done so for a number of reasons. The first is that the estate is located in Oracabessa, which is Spanish for 'golden head'. Fleming is also reported to have read Carson McCullers' novel Reflections In A Golden Eye around the time he had his house built in Jamaica. More notably, Fleming was in charge of the defence of Gibraltar during the Second World War; the operation dubbed by Fleming, Operation Goldeneye.

His 1962 Bond novel, The Spy Who Loved Me was somewhat of a departure from the other books in the series in that he wrote the book in the first person from the point of view of a female protagonist, Vivienne Michel. Fleming gave the fictitious character co-author credit.

In 1961 Fleming sold the film rights to his existing and future James Bond novels and short stories to Harry Saltzman who eventually co-produced with Albert R. "Cubby" Broccoli a film based on Dr. No (1962). Fleming suggested his neighbour, actor Sir Noel Coward to play Dr. Julius No and David Niven for the role of Bond. Some sources make claims and wild speculation to other Fleming favourites such as Roger Moore for the role of Bond and Fleming's cousin Christopher Lee for the role of Dr. No and even Bond himself. Although Lee was not selected for either role, he was later cast as the eponymous villain from The Man with the Golden Gun, Francisco Scaramanga. Dr. No became a huge hit, and was followed by From Russia with Love (1963), which would be the last Bond picture Fleming would live to see released.

He was seen during the Istanbul Pogroms, which many Greek and some Turkish scholars blamed Britain's secret hand behind its orchestration. His account, entitled "The Great Riot of Istanbul", appeared in Sunday Times on 11 September 1955.

Later life

Ian Fleming was also a noted bibliophile, and put together an important library on the theme of significant books in the history of western civilization, books which had "started something". He particularly collected books relating to science and technology such as On the Origin of Species, but also included such milestones as Mein Kampf and Scouting for Boys. He was a major lender to the 1963 exhibition Printing and the Mind of Man and 600 books from his collection are now in the Lilly Library at Indiana University.

Early on the morning of August 12, 1964, Ian Fleming died of a heart attack in Canterbury, Kent, at age 56, and was interred in the churchyard cemetery in the village of Sevenhampton, near Swindon. His wife Anne Geraldine Mary Fleming (1913–1981), and their only son, Caspar Robert Fleming (1952–1975), were later buried next to him. Ian's heart attack was most likely the result of his lifestyle of heavy drinking and heavy smoking (seventy cigarettes and a bottle of gin a day) in addition to the added stress of the Thunderball court cases of the early 60s in which Fleming was sued by Kevin McClory for adapting a screenplay that was co-written by, most notably, Fleming, McClory, and Jack Whittingham.

Selected works

James Bond novels

Nr	Name	Year
1.	Casino Royale¹	1953
2.	Live and Let Die	1954
3.	Moonraker²	1955
4.	Diamonds Are Forever	1956
5.	From Russia with Love	1957
6.	Dr. No	1958
7.	Goldfinger	1959
8.	For Your Eyes Only³	1960
9.	Thunderball⁴	1961
10.	The Spy Who Loved Me⁵	1962
11.	On Her Majesty's Secret Service	1963
12.	You Only Live Twice	1964
13.	The Man with the Golden Gun⁶	1965
14.	''Octopussy and The Living Daylights⁷	1966

Notes

¹ First U.S. paperback edition was retitled You Asked for It.
² First U.S. paperback edition was retitled Too Hot to Handle.
³ Short story collection: (i) "From a View to a Kill," (ii) "For Your Eyes Only," (iii) "Risico," (iv) "Quantum of Solace", and (v) "The Hildebrand Rarity."
⁴ Subject of a legal battle over story credit which led to the book's storyline also being credited to Kevin McClory and Jack Whittingham; see the controversy over Thunderball
⁵ Fleming gives co-author credit to "Vivienne Michel", the fictional heroine of the book; Fleming refused to allow a paperback edition to be published in the UK, but one was eventually published after his death. His agreement with Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman only allowed the use of the title for a movie.
⁶ For years, it has been alleged that Kingsley Amis, and/or others, completed this novel as Fleming died before a finished manuscript was created. Many Fleming biographers dispute this; see the controversy over ''The Man with the Golden Gun.
⁷ Posthumously compiled short story collection. Originally published with two stories: (i) "Octopussy" and (ii) "The Living Daylights". The 1967 paperback edition's title was shortened to Octopussy and a third story, "The Property of a Lady", increased its page count. In the 1990s, the collection's longer, original title was restored, and with the 2002 edition, the story, "007 in New York" (originally published in some editions of Thrilling Cities (see below) was added.

Children's story

Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1964)

Non-fiction

The Diamond Smugglers (1957)
Thrilling Cities (1963; the American editions contain the short story "007 in New York")

Unfinished/unpublished works

Fleming kept a scrapbook containing notes and ideas for future James Bond stories. It included fragments of possible short stories or novels featuring Bond that were never published. Excerpts from some of these can be found in The Life of Ian Fleming by John Pearson ^*.

The author Geoffrey Jenkins worked with Fleming on a James Bond story idea between 1957 and 1964. After Fleming's death, Jenkins was commissioned by Bond publishers Glidrose Productions to turn this story, Per Fine Ounce into a novel, but it was never published.

Biographical films

The Secret Life of Ian Fleming, 1989. A TV movie starring Charles Dance as Ian Fleming. The movie focuses on Fleming's life during World War II, and his love life that led to the creation of James Bond.

The Secret Life of Ian Fleming, 1990. A TV movie starring Jason Connery (son of Sean) as the writer in a fanciful dramatisation of his career in British intelligence which is depicted with the kind of Bond-like action and glamour that Fleming secretly wished it could have been.

Ian Fleming: Bondmaker, 2005. A TV docudrama first broadcast on BBC in August 2005. ^*

References

External links

Ian Fleming Publications
The Ian Fleming Foundation - a group dedicated to the study of Ian Fleming and his works. Publishers of Goldeneye magazine and other publications.
Ian Fleming bibliography of James Bond first editions
The Ian Fleming Resource Page
Ian Lancaster Fleming biography

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