Hui people

The Hui (回) ethnic group is unrelated to the Hui (徽) dialects.

The Hui people () are a Chinese ethnic group, typically distinguished by their practice of the Islamic religion. They form one of the 56 nationalities officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. Most Hui are similar in culture and physical appearance (genetic ethnicity) to Han Chinese with the exception that they practice Islam, and have some distinctive cultural characteristics as a result. For example, as Muslims, they reject the consumption of pork, the most common meat consumed in Chinese culture, and also do not eat dog, horse, many birds, and other animals considered delicacies in Chinese cuisine. Their mode of dress also differs only in that adult males wear white caps and females wear headscarves or (occasionally) veils, as is the case is most Islamic cultures.

In modern usage, the definition of Hui does not include ethnic groups such as the Uyghur, who live in China and practice Islam, but are different culturally from Han Chinese. For example, in Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region, where about 10 percent of the Hui of China reside, the Hui have a very distinct ethnic identity from that of the Uygurs, Kazakhs, and Kyrgyz, who have a sense of identity with Turkic peoples of Central Asia both inside China and abroad.

Included with Hui Chinese are other Islamic Chinese in Chinese census statistics are some who are dissimilar to Han Chinese but are not officially recognized as a separate ethnic group, such as several thousand Utsuls in southern Hainan province who still speak an Austronesian language (Tsat) related to that of the Cham Muslim minority of Vietnam and are said to be the descendants of Chams who migrated to Hainan.

A common Chinese term for Islam is "the religion of the Hui" (回教; Huíjiào), though the most prevalent is the transliteration Yisilan religion (伊斯蘭教; 'Yīsīlán jiào).

Origins

The Hui Chinese have diverse origins. Some in the southeast coast are descended from Muslim traders who settled in China and gradually intermarried and assimilated into the surrounding population keeping only their distinctive religion. A totally different explanation is available for the Mandarin Chinese-speaking Yunnan and Northern Huis, whose ethnogenesis might be a result of the convergence of large number of Mongol, Turkic or other Central Asian settlers in these regions who formed the dominant stratum in the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. However, even Cantonese Muslims, of the southeastern coast, typically resemble northern Asians much more so than their typical Cantonese neighbours.

It was documented that a proportion of these nomad or military ethnic groups were originally Nestorian Christians many of whom later converted to Islam, while under the sinicizing pressures of the Ming and Qing states.

This explains the ethnonym "Hui," in close affinity with that of "Uyghur," albeit Sinicized and contradistinctive from "Uyghur" in usage. The ethnonym "Hui," though for a long time used as an umbrella term (at least since Qing) to designate Muslim Chinese speakers everywhere and Muslims in general (for example, a Qing Chinese might describe a Uyghur as a "Chantou" who practiced the "Hui" religion), was not used in the Southeast as much as "Qīngzhēn", a term still in common use today, especially for Muslim (Hui) eating establishments and for mosques (qīngzhēn sì in Mandarin. Southeastern Muslims also have a much longer tradition of synthesizing Confucian teachings with the Sharia and Qur'anic teachings, and were reported to have been contributing to the Confucian officialdom since the Tang period. Among the Northern Hui, on the other hand, there are strong influences of Central Asian Sufi schools such as Kubrawiyya, Qadiriyya, Naqshbandiyya (Khufiyya and Jahriyya) etc. mostly of the Hanafi Madhhab (whereas among the Southeastern communities the Shafi'i Madhhab is more of the norm). Before the "Ihwani" movement, a Chinese variant of the Salafi movement, Northern Hui Sufis were very fond of synthesizing Taoist teachings and martial arts practices with Sufi philosophy. In early modern times, villages in Northern Chinese Hui areas still bore labels like "Blue-cap Huihui," "Black-cap Huihui," and "White-cap Huihui," betraying their possible Christian, Judaic and Muslim origins, even though the religious practices among North China Hui by then were by and large Islamic. Hui is also used as a catch-all grouping for Islamic Chinese who are not classified under another ethnic group.

Definition of Hui

The definition of Hui Chinese poses some interesting issues. The obvious definition of the Hui as being Islamic Chinese poses two problems. The first is that the People's Republic of China is nominally atheist. The second is that if Chinese Muslims are entitled to ethnic group status, then there is uncertainty about the status of Chinese Christians and Buddhists. In defining the Hui, the government has sidestepped this issue by defining them in terms of their group identity and ignore the fact that their group identity is based on religion. However, many Hui and others believe that the label is appropriate because the Hui have a history and culture that would not be such without their being Muslim, and thus setting them apart from other Chinese groups. In addition, many say that a person that is Hui is quite different from a Han Chinese who simply converts to Islam.

Huis anywhere are referred to by Central Asian Turks and Tajiks as Dungans. In its population censuses, the Soviet Union also identified Chinese Muslims as "Dungans" (дунгане) and recorded them as located mainly in Kyrgyzstan, southern Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan. In the Russian census of 2002, a total of 800 Dungans were enumerated. In Thailand Chinese Muslims are referred to as chin ho, in Myanmar and Yunnan Province, as pan thei. There are some Chinese Muslims or Chinese converts to Islam in Malaysia. These are officially accepted as part of the "Bumiputra", or the dominant Malay group. However, the society might treat them as party of the large Chinese minority.

Prominent Hui

Li Zhi (李贄), a descendant of Persian merchant and famous philosopher
Zheng He (鄭和), probably the most famous Muslim in Chinese history
Bai Chongxi (白崇禧), a general of the Republic of China
Shi Zhongxin, current mayor of Harbin since 2002, ancestry Jilin City

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Origins

Definition of Hui

Prominent Hui

See also