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Han Chinese clothing, or Hanfu () refers to the traditional clothing of the Han Chinese, the predominant ethnic group of China.
As its name suggests, Hanfu encompasses all types of traditional clothing worn by the Han Chinese ethnic group. As such, it has a history as long as the history of the Han Chinese people. The term Hanfu, however, generally excludes Han Chinese clothing after the 17th century. This is because pre-17th century dress traditions were eliminated by Manchu invaders by force after their takeover of the country. The Manchus introduced their culture and inevitably forcibly established their style of dress displacing the native Hanfu of previous generations. Clothing that are Manchu in origin, such as Qipao and Tangzhuang, are the ones popularly regarded as traditional Chinese clothing in popular media throughout the world.
Many traditional costumes of Asian countries, such as the kimono in Japan, along with the traditional Korean dress, Hanbok, have been heavily influenced by the Chinese Hanfu due to the extensive cultural exchanges between the neighbouring countries. In contrast to China, traditional Japanese and Korean dress have not been affected by similar changes like in China and have been preserved over the centuries, and have retained many core elements of the original Hanfu.
Public awareness of Hanfu survives to a limited extent through periodic dramas and films. Nevertheless, Hanfu advocates promoting traditional Hanfu by wearing it in public report being widely mistaken by passers-by to be Japanese or Korean.
History of Hanfu
According to Chinese tradition, Hanfu can be traced back to the Yellow Emperor, a great sage king of ancient China whom legend says ruled in the 27th century BC. By definition, "Hanfu" encompasses all forms of Han Chinese dress up to the 17th century: a recorded history of more than 3000 years from the semi-legendary Xia Dynasty (c. 21st century BC - 16th century BC) all the way to the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). The traditional dress of many Asian countries have been influenced by Hanfu, especially those of Japan and Korea.
Hanfu was regarded by Han Chinese as a very important part of their culture. The wearing of appropriate styles of Hanfu was an important part of courteous refined behaviour. Confucius considered Hanfu a very important part of Chinese ceremony and ritual and many of his quotations contain references to Hanfu.
The disappearance of Hanfu
Hanfu disappeared at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). The Qing Dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese who form the overwhelming majority of the population of China proper, but by the Manchus, nomadic, savage barbarians which first rose to prominence in Manchuria. Taking advantage of the political instability and frequent popular rebellions convulsing China, the highly organized military forces of the Manchus swept into the Ming capital of Beijing in 1644 (which itself had earlier fallen to rebel forces under Li Zicheng), and formed the Qing Dynasty.
The Manchus foresaw that they would have great difficulty ruling the Han Chinese, who outnumbered them vastly and had a much more established culture. Soon after the takeover of China proper, the Manchus set in place a policy of subjugating the native Han Chinese population by forcing them to adopt Manchu culture. The ruling Manchus forced the Han Chinese men to adopt the Manchu hairstyle (the pigtail) and Manchu-style clothing. There was enormous resistance to these policies, especially against the pigtail, which required shaving the entire top front half of the head, as Chinese tradition dictated that removing hair was against filial piety because one received one's hair from one's parents. Popular uprisings flared up immediately, but were put down brutally, especially in massacres occurring at Yangzhou and Jiading.
Enforcement of the policies was swift, brutal, and effective. Hanfu was replaced by Manchu-style clothing for men; however, Ming-era clothing was still permitted for women. As time passed, the differences between the slender Manchu robe and the wide-sleeved Ming-style clothing narrowed. This resulted in the development of the Ao (襖) dress, which featured Manchu-style loop-buttons and the loose clothing from Ming styles.
Today
After the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1911, Manchu dress and the pigtail were eventually replaced with Western-style clothing. Today, Han Chinese people generally wear Western-style clothing.As part of a wider revivalist movement in traditional Chinese culture, Hanfu is receiving attention from Hanfu advocates who are campaigning to have it accepted as national costume.
Description of Hanfu
Shenyi (深衣) is a kind of full-length, one-piece robe which links the Yi and Chang together to wrap up the body. It is cut separately but sewn together. Shenyi was named because when it was worn "the body was deeply wrapped up".
Parts of Shenyi:
- Jin: the front of upper garment
- Jiaoling Youren: "Crossed collars, tying to the right." This is the standard collar style of hanfu. For both men and women, always overlap the right side of the hanfu with the left side. The opposite right-over-left style is for other nations or used to dress a corpse for burial.
- Qu: sleeve cuffs
- Mei: sleeves
- Chang: skirt
- Quju: skirt with curved hem formed by circling the fabric around the body
Headwear
Chinese people usually don't wear anything around their heads, yet sometimes, the more 'Elite' wore diamonds, emeralds, and other precious jewelry on their heads. They also may have tied their hair in topknots.Guan Mian
Jing Zhi
幞头与帽
胄与盔
Hairstyle;
Men's//
Women's//
Decoration
Yi(衣) Shang(裳)
In ancient China, Hanfu was also called Yi(衣) Shang(裳). Translated literally, Yi(衣) is the upper dress, and Shang(裳) is the skirt. Accordingly, as one of its main characteristics, Hanfu is composed of two parts.Yi(衣) Style:
Shang(裳) Style:
Variations of Hanfu in different occasions
Ordinary Life
Ceremony
Variations of Hanfu in different dynasties
Men's Hanfu
Pre-Qin Hanfu (27th century BC - 221 BC)
=Legend
=According to legend, the first ruler of the Chinese nation and the ancestor of the Chinese people is an immemorial sage king called the Yellow Emperor. According to traditional reckoning, he unified the North China Plain in 2697 BC. Legends say that under his rule, China was a prosperous and powerful nation with stable politics and advanced culture. Many cultural and technological inventions are attributed to his reign, such as the Chinese written language, methods of agriculture, music, the Chinese calendar, and so on. The Yellow Emperor's imperial consort, Leozu *, was said to be the first person to know how to raise silkworms and make silk from the silkworm cocoon, from which Hanfu was woven. Thus the Chinese Hanfu was invented. Because Leizu had provided China with beautiful silk and Hanfu, she is often revered as the female ancestor of the Chinese people, and respectfully addressed with the title of Xianchan since the Western Zhou Dynasty.
=Pre-literate era
=During ancient times, human beings wore clothing for practical purposes. During the Stone Age, they learned how to make and use increasingly complex tools. They invented the bone awl and the bone needle and created primitive clothing with the aid of these tools.
Approximately 5000 years ago, China was in the Neolithic Period. People's lives were becoming more stable, allowing the development of primitive agriculture and the textiles industry. At first people wore clothes of woven linen. Later they discovered how to raise the silkworm and spin silk, and as a result their clothing became increasingly elaborate.
=Shang Dynasty
=According to archaeological discoveries, the basic shape and style of Hanfu were already and almost completely developed during the Shang Dynasty (c. 16th century BC - 11th century BC), the first attested dynasty of China. Clothing from this period was mainly composed of two parts, the Yi (coat) on the top and the Shang (skirt) underneath. The sleeve cuff was narrow. The Yi did not have any buttons and was fixed with a broad sash tied around the waist. A Bixi hung from the waist sash was used to shade the knees.
Archeological finds show that fabrics in this period were mainly in warm colors, especially yellow and red, along with brown. There were also cooler colors like blue, green etc. Because the red and yellow dyes were made from mercury sulfide and orpiment, they were brighter than the other colors and were of stronger penetrability; hence they were more able to last unchanged until today. Modern scientific analysis has shown that dyeing and weaving methods were often used at the same time during Shang and Zhou periods. Orthochromatic colors such as red and yellow were often used to draw on the fabrics after they were woven.
=Western Zhou Dynasty
= The Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century BC - 711 BC), established under a feudal system, consolidated the empire by a strict social class system and formulated a set of extremely exhaustive and thorough etiquette to standardize society and stabilize the country. The different styles of Hanfu worn symbolized each person's social class. As Hanfu was one of the cornerstones of the political foundation, stipulations were very strict.Zhou Dynasty Hanfu followed the form and style of the Shang Dynasty, with a few changes. The style was slightly looser compared with the Shang Dynasty. There were two kinds of sleeve styles: broad and narrow. The collar were crossed and tied to the right, known as "Jiaoling Youren". The Yi had no buttons but instead had a sash tied around the waist for closure. Sometimes people also hung ornamental decorations made of jade on the waist sash as well. The length of skirts and trousers varied from reaching the knees to reaching the ground.
=Eastern Zhou Dynasty
=Shenyi (deep robe), an important kind of Hanfu, was introduced during Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period. Shenyi is a kind of full-length, one-piece robe which links the Yi and Shang together to wrap up the body. It is cut separately but sewn together. Shenyi was named because when it was worn "the body was deeply wrapped up". Shenyi continued the Hanfu's characteristic of Jiaoling Youren and made a big impact on society. Everybody could wear it regardless of gender, profession, or social class. During this time the weaving and dyeing techniques were already very advanced, as many complicated and magnificent patterns already appeared on Hanfu.
During Qin and Han Dynasty
Women's Hanfu
During and before Zhou dynasty
During Qin and Han Dynasty
Hanfu and Chinese culture
Hanfu and I Ching
According to the I Ching, an ancient work on divination, the Yellow Emperor made Hanfu in analogy to I Ching's two trigrams, the Force (☰ 乾 qián) and the Field (☷ 坤 kūn), which refer to Heaven (天) and Earth (地) respectively. The upper part of Hanfu, Yi, represents Heaven, while the lower part Shang is a representation of Earth. In view of this, one of the philosophical meanings of Hanfu is that the human being (the microcosm) is a representation of the Universe at large (the macrocosm).
Hanfu and Lyrics
Hanfu and Dance
Hanfu and Poetry
The Influences Of Hanfu on non-Chinese nations and states
Due to the length of its history and China's overwhelming cultural influence on the region, Hanfu has significantly shaped the styles of traditional costumes of many other Asian countries. Some countries such as Vietnam, which was frequently either a vassal state or under the direct control of China before 1884 (when the French invaded Vietnam), have traditional dresses that are exactly the same as Hanfu. Other Asian countries' traditional costumes, such as Japanese kimono, do have some differences from Hanfu. Of all the traditional costumes of Asian countries influenced by the Hanfu, the Japanese kimono differs the most from the original. However, all the traditional dresses mentioned above have inherited the unique Hanfu style: "Youren" and wide sleeves. Some people in China today also mistake Hanfu for Japanese kimono.
Xiaowen (孝文帝) (467 - 499) was the king of the Northern Wei dynasty of Xianbei Kingdom from 471 to 499. (In other words, his nation was non-Chinese before he implemented his sinicization policy). He implemented a drastic policy of sinicization, intending to centralize the government and make the multi-ethnic society more easy to govern. One of these policies was to forcing the population to wear Hanfu.
Kimono (the Japanese traditional dress)
Photos of Japanese Kimono
Hanfu And Arts
Hanfu and the modern media
Hanfu accessories and related garments
Guan(Hat)
Shiwu (decoration)
See also
External links
Illustrations
General:
"Han Chinese clothing"