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Georges Ivanovich Gurdjieff (Георгий Иванович Гюрджиев, Georgiy Ivanovich Gyurdzhiev,Gurdjiev; January 13, 1872? - October 29, 1949), was a Greek-Armenian mystic and self-professed 'teacher of dancing'. He claimed that the teachings he brought to the West from his own experiences and early travels expressed the truth found in other ancient religions and teachings relating to self-awareness in one's daily life and humanity's place in the universe. It might be summed up by the title of his book: 'Life is Real Only Then, When "I Am"'.

Biography

Gurdjieff was born in Alexandropol (now Gyumri), Armenia, but grew up in Kars, traveled to many parts of the world (such as Central Asia, Egypt, Rome) before returning to Russia and teaching in Moscow and St. Petersburg in 1913.

In the midst of revolutionary upheaval in Russia he left Petrograd (St. Petersburg was renamed Petrograd on September 1 1914) in 1917 to return to his family home in Alexandropol. During the Bolshevik Revolution he set up temporary study communities in Essentuki in the Caucasus, then Tuapse, Maikop, Sochi and Poti, all on the Black Sea coast of Southern Russia where he worked intensively with many of his Russian pupils.

In mid-January 1919 he and his closest pupils moved to Tbilisi. In late May 1920 when political conditions in Georgia deteriorated, they walked by foot to Batumi on the Black Sea coast, and then Istanbul. There Gurdjieff rented an apartment on Koumbaradji Street in Péra and later at 13 Abdullatif Yemeneci Sokak near the Galata Tower. The apartment is near the tekke (monastery) of the Mevlevi Order of Sufis (founded by Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi) where Gurdjieff, Ouspensky and Thomas de Hartmann experienced the sema ceremony of The Whirling Dervishes. In Istanbul Gurdjieff also met John G. Bennett.

In August 1921 Gurdjieff traveled around western Europe, lecturing and giving demonstrations of his work in various cities such as Berlin and London. In October 1922, he established the Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man south of Paris at the Prieuré des Basses Loges in Fontainebleau-Avon near the famous Château de Fontainebleau.

In 1924 he nearly died in a car crash. After he recovered, he began writing All and Everything originally written by him in Russian and Armenian. He stopped writing in 1935 having completed the first two parts of the trilogy and only having started on the Third Series which had been published under the title Life is Real Only Then, When 'I Am'.

In Paris, Gurdjieff lived at 6 Rue des Colonels-Rénard where he continued to teach throughout World War II.

Gurdjieff died on October 29 1949 at the American Hospital in Neuilly, France. His funeral was held at the St. Alexandre Nevsky Russian Orthodox Cathedral at 12 Rue Daru, Paris. He is buried in the cemetery at Fontainebleau-Avon.

Timelines, facts and whereabouts of Gurdjieff's early biography before he appeared in Moscow in 1913 are found in his text Meetings with Remarkable Men.

Teaching

Some of those who had contact with Gurdjieff saw him as a Master - able to practice self-remembering, and work on oneself; in other words a human being able to be conscious of himself. Others saw him as an esotericist or occultist.

About his teaching, Gurdjieff once said, "What do I teach? I teach people how to listen to themselves." The teaching addresses the question of people's place in the Universe and their possibilities for spiritual development. Gurdjieff's teaching has many aspects that are well described in 'In Search of the Miraculous' - a book written by his pupil P. D. Ouspensky who had met Gurdjieff in Moscow in 1915.

Gurdjieff said that people live their lives in a form of waking sleep, and that higher levels of consciousness are possible. In developing the inner possibility of becoming more aware of ourselves in our daily lives, one is shown a fresh way of living which can enrich our experience of life, and our feeling of ourselves alive. 'Know thyself' takes on a more organic meaning rather than an intellectual pursuit. The ability to be 'present' more often (instead of being absent as we usually are), does not happen automatically and requires work on oneself over time, guided initially by a teacher trained in the practice of the teaching by those who were taught directly by Gurdjieff, or by one of his pupils.

Gurdjieff taught that by making frequent efforts to activate their attention in small things, such as walking, speaking or sitting etc., people can gradually wish to become more aware of themselves as living beings through the development of their attention instead of spending their lives asleep in dreams. To provide conditions in which attention can be exercised more intensively, Gurdjieff also taught "sacred dances" or "movements" (which are performed as part of a class) as an aid, and he left a body of music inspired by what he heard in visits to remote monasteries and other places, which was written for piano in a collaboration with one of his pupils, Thomas de Hartmann.

This presence to oneself is the beginning of a possible further process of transformation, whose aim is to change the whole nature of human beings, ultimately preparing them, speaking symbolically as is necessary in such matters, to be a conscious servant of the divine purpose behind the created world.

Gurdjieff is best-known through the published works of his pupils, such as Ouspensky, who wrote In Search of the Miraculous: Fragments of an Unknown Teaching, which some regard as a crucial introductory book about his teaching. Others refer to Gurdjieff's own books (detailed below) as the primary texts.

Many accounts about Gurdjieff have been written by various authors: A. R. Orage, Thomas and Olga de Hartmann, Fritz Peters, René Daumal, John G. Bennett, Maurice Nicoll and Louis Pauwels among others. Many others were drawn to his 'ideas table': Frank Lloyd Wright, Kathryn Hulme, P.L. Travers, Katherine Mansfield, Jean Toomer, and the pianist and composer Keith Jarrett.

Three books by Gurdjieff were published after his death: Beelzebub's Tales to his Grandson, Meetings with Remarkable Men, and Life is Real Only Then, When 'I Am'. This trilogy is Gurdjieff's legominism known collectively as All and Everything. A legominism is, according to Gurdjieff, "one of the means of transmitting information about certain events of long-past ages through initiates." A book of his early talks was also collected by his student and personal secretary, Olga de Hartmann, and published in 1973 as Views from the Real World: Early Talks in Moscow, Essentuki, Tiflis, Berlin, London, Paris, New York and Chicago, as recollected by his pupils.

The feature film Meetings with Remarkable Men (1979), based on Gurdjieff's book by the same name, depicts rare performances of the sacred dances taught to serious students of his work known simply as the movements. The film was written by Jeanne de Salzmann and Peter Brook, directed by Brook, and stars Dragan Maksimovic and Terence Stamp.

His teaching has been continued by various groups originated after his death, some under the umbrella of the Gurdjieff Foundations in New York, London, and Paris. Gurdjieff founded the Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man to train what he called "helper-instructors" to help disseminate and practice his teaching. Today many groups use Gurdjieff's name and ideas, but they may not have been developed via a teacher-student relationship originating with Gurdjieff himself.

Gurdjieff used the "Stop" exercise to prompt his students. Suddenly and without notice a pre-arranged signal would be made, and all students would 'freeze' whatever they were doing to hold the position they found themselves in when this signal was made. The students were encouraged by this exercise to notice their habits, sense their tensions, and observe thoughts - in a word, to become able to strengthen their attention so as to remember themselves. Later another signal would be made and ordinary movement would recommence. Other shocks to help awaken his pupils from constant day-dreaming were always possible at any moment.

Much has been written about Gurdjieff, and many anecdotes about his life have been recorded. At one time in his life he set up a workshop to mend things in order to earn money for his work. Customers would bring Gurdjieff something broken to fix, and he would then find a way of fixing it - whatever it was. If he did not know how to mend a particular item he would set about learning enough to repair it.

Critics to his work

(Needs to be extended, see references)

Bibliography

Works by Gurdjieff

  • Beelzebub's Tales to His Grandson by G.I. Gurdjieff (1950) ISBN 0919608124
    • In Russian: ISBN 0919608116
    • Audio recording (in mp3 format) as read by William J. Welch: ISBN 0919608167
  • Meetings with Remarkable Men by G.I. Gurdjieff (1963)
  • Life is only real, then, when "I am" by G.I. Gurdjieff (1974)
  • Views from the Real World Talks of G.I. Gurdjieff (1973)
  • The Herald of Coming Good by G.I. Gurdjieff (1933, 1971, 1988)

Books about G.I. Gurdjieff and The Fourth Way

  • In Search of the Miraculous by P.D. Ouspensky (1949)
  • The Oragean Version by C. Daly King (1951)
  • Psychological Commentaries on the Teachings of Gurdjieff and Ouspensky by Maurice Nicoll (1952, 1955. 1972, 1980, 6 volumes)
  • The Fourth Way by P.D. Ouspensky (1957)
  • A Study of Gurdjieff's Teaching by Kenneth Walker (1957)
  • Teachings of Gurdjieff by C.S. Nott (1961)
  • Our Life with Mr. Gurdjieff by Thomas and Olga de Hartmann (1964, Revised 1983 and 1992)
  • Boyhood with Gurdjieff by Fritz Peters (1964)
  • Gurdjieff Remembered by Fritz Peters (1965)
  • Undiscovered Country by Kathryn Hulme (1966)
  • Gurdjieff: A Very Great Enigma by J.G. Bennett (1969)
  • Gurdjieff: Making a New World by J.G. Bennett (1973), ISBN 0-06-090474-7
  • Mount Analogue by René Daumal (1974)
  • On Love by A.R. Orage (1974)
  • Psychological Exercises by A.R. Orage (1976)
  • The Psychology of Man's Possible Evolution by P.D. Ouspensky (1978)
  • Eating The "I": An Account of The Fourth Way—The Way of Transformation in Ordinary Life by William Patrick Patterson (1992, 1993, 1997)
  • Ladies of the Rope: Gurdjieff's Special Left Bank Women's Group by William Patrick Patterson (1999)
  • Struggle of the Magicians: Exploring the Teacher-Student Relationship by William Patrick Patterson (1996, Second Edition 1998)
  • "The Gurdjieff Years 1929-1949: Recollections of Louise March" by Annabeth McCorkle
  • Taking with the Left Hand: Enneagram Craze, The Fellowship of Friends, & the Mouravieff Phenomenon by William Patrick Patterson (1998)
  • Voices in the Dark: Esoteric, Occult & Secular Voices in Nazi-Occupied Paris 1940–44 by William Patrick Patterson (2001)
  • Idiots in Paris by J.G. and E. Bennett (1980)
  • The Harmonious Circle by James Webb (1980)
  • Toward Awakening by Jean Vaysse (1980)
  • The War Against Sleep: The Philosophy of Gurdjieff by Colin Wilson (1980)
  • Who Are You Monsieur Gurdjieff? by René Zuber (1980)
  • Gurdjieff: The anatomy of a Myth by James Moore (1991)
  • Gurdjieff; An Introduction To His Life and Ideas by John Shirley (2004)
  • Gurdjieff Unveiled by Seymour Ginsburg (2005)

Videos/DVDs about G.I. Gurdjieff and the Fourth Way

  • Gurdjieff's Legacy: Establishing The Teaching in the West, 1924–1949 Part III
  • Gurdjieff's Mission: Introducing The Teaching to the West, 1912–1924 Part II
  • Gurdjieff in Egypt: The Origin of Esoteric Knowledge Part I
  • Meetings with Remarkable Men

External links

Critics

Year of birth missing | 1949 deaths | Russian philosophers | New religious movements | Fourth Way | Occultists | Occult writers | Western mystics | Armenian-French people | Armenian people

Georg Iwanowitsch Gurdjieff | Georgi Gurdžijev | George Gurdjieff | Georges Gurdjieff | Georges Ivanovitch Gurdjieff | ג"א גורדייף | George Gurdjieff | Georg Ivanovitch Gurdjieff | Гурджиев, Георгий Иванович

 

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the "G. I. Gurdjieff".

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