The group velocity of a wave is the velocity with which the variations in the shape of the wave's amplitude (known as the modulation or envelope of the wave) propagate through space. The group velocity is defined by the equation:

$v\_g\; \backslash equiv\; \backslash frac\{\backslash partial\; \backslash omega\}\{\backslash partial\; k\}$

where:

v_g is the group velocity

ω is the wave's angular frequency

k is the wave number

The group velocity is often thought of as the velocity at which energy or information is conveyed along a wave. In most cases this is accurate, and the group velocity can be thought of as the signal velocity of the waveform. However, if the wave is travelling through an absorptive medium, this does not always hold. For example, it is possible to design experiments where the group velocity of laser light pulses sent through specially prepared materials significantly exceeds the speed of light in vacuum. However, superluminal communication is not possible, since the signal velocity remains less than the speed of light. It is also possible to reduce the group velocity to zero, stopping the pulse, or have negative group velocity, making the pulse appear to propagate backwards.

The function ω(k), which gives ω as a function of k, is known as the dispersion relation. If ω is directly proportional to k, then the group velocity is exactly equal to the phase velocity. Otherwise, the envelope of the wave will become distorted as it propagates. This "group velocity dispersion" is an important effect in the propagation of signals through optical fibers and in the design of short pulse lasers.

The idea of a group velocity distinct from a wave's phase velocity was first proposed by W.R. Hamilton in 1839, and the first full treatment was by Rayleigh in his "Theory of Sound" in 1877.

Matter wave group

Albert Einstein first explained the wave-particle duality of light in 1905. Louis de Broglie hypothesized that any particle should also exhibit such a duality. The velocity of a particle, he figured, should always equal the group velocity of the corresponding wave. De Broglie figured that if the duality equations already known for light were the same for any particle, then his hypothesis would hold. This means that

$v\_g\; =\; \backslash frac\{\backslash partial\; \backslash omega\}\{\backslash partial\; k\}\; =\; \backslash frac\{\backslash partial\; (E/\backslash hbar)\}\{\backslash partial\; (p/\backslash hbar)\}\; =\; \backslash frac\{\backslash partial\; E\}\{\backslash partial\; p\}$

where E is the kinetic energy of the particle, p is its momentum, and $\backslash hbar$ is Dirac's constant. Using special relativity, we find that

$v\_g\; =\; \backslash frac\{\backslash partial\; E\}\{\backslash partial\; p\}\; =\; \backslash frac\{\backslash partial\}\{\backslash partial\; p\}\; \backslash left(\; \backslash sqrt\{p^2c^2+m^2c^4\}\; -\; mc^2\; \backslash right)\; =\; \backslash frac\{pc^2\}\{\backslash sqrt\{p^2c^2+m^2c^4\}\}\; =\; \backslash frac\{\backslash gamma\; mvc^2\}\{\backslash sqrt\; =\; \backslash frac\{\backslash gamma\; vc\}\{\backslash sqrt\; =\; v$

where m is the rest mass, c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and $\backslash gamma$ is the Lorentz factor. The variable v is the velocity of the particle regardless of wave behavior. Quantum mechanics has very accurately demonstrated this hypothesis, and the relation has been shown explicitly for particles as large as certain molecules.

See also

• Dispersion (optics) for a full discussion of wave velocities
• Slow light

References

External links

• Greg Egan has an excellent Java applet on his web site that illustrates the apparent difference in group velocity from phase velocity.
• Group and Phase Velocity - Java applet with configurable group velocity and frequency.

Gruppengeschwindigkeit | Velocidad de grupo | 群速度 | prędkość grupowa | Skupinska hitrost | Vận tốc nhóm | 群速度