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The first Gotthard Tunnel, a 15 km long railway tunnel, is the summit of the Gotthardbahn and connects Göschenen with Airolo through the Gotthard massif. It is built as one double-track, standard gauge tunnel.
The tunnel rises from the northern portal at Göschenen (1'106 m) and the highest point (1'151 m) is reached after about 8 km. After two more kilometers the border between canton of Uri and canton Ticino is reached, and after another 5 km the tunnel ends at the southern portal near Airolo (1'142 m). The trip takes about 11 minutes by train.
Construction
The tunnel was built from 1871 to 1881. Construction was surveyed by the Swiss engineer Louis Favre, who suffered a fatal heart attack inside the tunnel in 1879. Construction was difficult due to financial, technical and geological issues, the latter leading to the death of around 200 workers (the exact number is not known) mainly due to water inrushes; many were also killed by the compressed air-driven lorries carrying excavated material out of the tunnel. A strike of the workers in 1875 was crushed by military force, killing four and wounding 13.
There is a memorial for the dead workers near the station building at Airolo, created by the artist Vincenzo Vela.
Operation
The tunnel was finally opened for traffic in 1882, operated by the private railway company Gotthardbahn which ran from Lucerne to Chiasso at the Italian border. The Gotthardbahn was integrated into the Swiss Federal Railways in 1909. Shortly after, in 1920, the first electric trains ran through the Gotthard Tunnel; However, the voltage had to be reduced from the desired 15 kV to 7.5 kV, because the grime on the insulators from the then still used steam engines caused the high voltage to spark over.
Until the opening of the Gotthard Road Tunnel the Swiss Federal Railways offered piggyback services for cars and trucks through the Gotthard Tunnel. Today that service exists as the Rollende Landstrasse from the German to the Italian border and aims to reduce truck traffic on Swiss expressways. An improvisational piggyback service from Göschenen to Airolo was offered during the two months closure of the Gotthard Road Tunnel in 2001.
Neighbourhood
The nearby Gotthard Road Tunnel was opened in 1980. A second railway tunnel, the Gotthard Base Tunnel is currently being constructed.
"Gotthard Rail Tunnel"