Nikolai Gogol

Gogol redirects here. For other uses, see Gogol (disambiguation)

Nikolai Vasilevich Gogol () (April 1, 1809 - March 4, 1852) was a Russian writer. Although many of his works were influenced by his Ukrainian heritage and upbringing, he wrote in Russian and his works belong to the tradition of Russian literature. Perhaps his best known work is Dead Souls, seen by many as the first "modern" Russian novel.

Life and Death

Gogol was born in Sorochintsi of Poltava Guberniya (now Ukraine) to the family of Ukrainian (or rather Ruthenian) small-time nobility (dvoryanstvo). His first name in Ukrainian spells Mykola. Some of his ancestors associated themselves with Polish Szlachta (probably not by ethnicity but culturally, due to the continued polonization of Ruthenian upper class) and his grandfather Afanasiy Gogol wrote in census papers that "his ancestors, of the family-name Gogol, are of the Polish nation". However, his great-grandfather, Jan Gogol, after studying in Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, a deeply Ukrainian, or Ruthenian, and Orthodox Christian educational institution, moved to the Muscovy leaning Left-bank Ukraine (Malorossia) and settled in Poltava region, originating the Gogol-Janovsky family line. Gogol himself did not use the second part of his name considering it an "artificial Polish addition". Gogol's father died when the boy was 15 years old. The deep religiosity of his mother have likely influenced Gogol's world view as well as the time he spent in the mixed surrounding of local small-time nobility and everyday village life.

He moved to Saint Petersburg in 1828. In 1831, he met Aleksandr Pushkin, who supported him as a writer and became his friend. He later taught history at Saint Petersburg University from 1834 to 1835. He went on to write a number of short stories set in Saint Petersburg, including "Nevsky Prospekt", the Diary of a Madman, "The Overcoat", and "The Nose" (which was later turned into an opera by Dmitri Shostakovich). Although the first volume of his Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka was his first true success, he fell into obscurity again after the publication of his Arabesques. It was his farce The Inspector General, produced in 1836, which once again drew him to the public attention as a writer. Its satirical tone, which it shares with much of his other work, caused some controversy, and Gogol fled to Rome.

Dead Souls and Death

Gogol spent almost 5 years living abroad in Germany and Italy. It was in this period that he wrote Dead Souls, with the first part published in 1842. (Gogol asked Pushkin for ideas about essential Russian stories; in response, Pushkin suggested the basic idea of Dead Souls.) Gogol decided that before he could continue his work on the novel and bring about the "spiritual regeneration of a crook like Chichikov" (Dead Souls' main character), he had to undergo a spiritual regeneration himself. He imposed upon himself a strict regime of prayer and fasting, and as one might expect, this hindered rather than helped the work on his novel. He declared, "the subject of Dead Souls has nothing to do with the description of Russian provincial life or of a few revolting landowners. It is for the time being a secret which must suddenly and to the amazement of everyone (for as yet none of my readers has guessed it) be revealed in the following volumes..." His inability to reveal this secret, however, drove him into a state of nervous collapse by the beginning of January 1845, and at the end of June he burnt all he had written of the second volume of Dead Souls. For the next seven years his resumed work on the novel was laborious and painful. In 1848, Gogol, who became even more deeply influenced by Orthodox Christianity made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. After his return, he fell under the influence of the priest, Father Matthew Konstantinovskii, who regarded his literary work as an abomination in the eyes of the Lord. Konstantinovskii apparently demanded that Gogol destroy the second volume of Dead Souls and "atone for his sin of writing the first volume by entering a monastery". Following a tremendous inner conflict, Gogol decided to carry out Father Konstantinovskii's wishes and burnt the complete second part of his novel on the night of February 24, 1852. He soon after took to his bed, refused all food, and died in great pain nine days later, on March 5, 1852. Some fragments of the work survived and have been published.

His last words were the old saying, "And I shall laugh with a bitter laugh." These words were placed on his tomb.

He was buried at the Donskoy Monastery, close to his fellow Slavophile Aleksey Khomyakov. In 1931, when Moscow authorities decided to demolish the monastery, his remains were transferred to the Novodevichy Cemetery. His body was discovered lying face down, which gave rise to the story that Gogol had been buried alive. A Soviet critic even cut a part of his jacket to use as a binding for his copy of Dead Souls. A piece of rock which used to stand on his grave at the Donskoy was reused for the tomb of Gogol's admirer Mikhail Bulgakov.

Interpretation

Gogol's literary life and works show convolutions of struggle between the Westernizer and Slavophile urges in Russian culture. Living in post-Napoleonic Russia, with liberal discontent against Czarist rule, reformers interpreted Gogol stories as validation. This is because some of Gogol's stories satirized situations particular to Russian society. Indeed, Gogol was motivated as a reformer in his own mind, but not necessarily as defined by the liberals of the time. Toward the end of his life, liberals saw him as a religious fanatic, strangely reactionary, and increasingly pathetic. Having seen him only as a "satirist", they failed to grasp the deeper spiritual meaning of his books and were understandably annoyed when Gogol explicitly proclaimed his faith and convictions.

An urge to reform Russia impelled Dead Souls, but whether it was moral or political seems unclear at first. Part one of that book shows the errors of the protagonist, part two shows the corrections. Arguably, Gogol is more successful showing the errors than the corrections, perhaps because errors and immorality are more fun and interesting to write about, than to preach and show good by example.

Gogol's desire for the moral reformation of Russia became increasingly loud and non-liberal, leading to his publication of selected letters which had a conservative Christian character. His former liberal admirers looked upon this publication with horror and dismay. They had interpreted his earlier works superficially, failing to notice their deep religious message. Now they saw their mistake. Gogol resolutely distanced himself from the liberal camp, whose philosophy was based on materialism. He was worried that his literary work might have played into the hands of the liberals; for this reason he burnt the second volume of the Dead Souls. His health declined fatally.

In contemporary scholarship, there is a great deal of speculation and controversy over whether Gogol was a repressed homosexual and, if so, to what extent this accounts for his creative and spiritual crises. The question is legitimate, but probably unanswerable, in part because sexual identity is highly culturally mediated, and thus can be applied retrospectively only at great risk of misrepresenting the subject. Although there is some evidence that Gogol may have had affairs with other men, there appears to be little evidence that Gogol himself, consciously at least, identified as homosexual.Karlinsky, Simon, The Sexual Labyrinth of Nikolai Gogol, University of Chicago 1992

Gogol wrote in the literary tradition of E.T.A. Hoffmann and Laurence Sterne, often involving elements of the fantastic and grotesque. In addition, Gogol's works are often outrageously funny. The mix of humor, social realism, the fantastic, and unusual prose forms are what readers love about his work.

Gogol wrote in a time of political censorship. The use of the fantastic is, like Aesophic storytelling, one way to circumvent the censor, as placing the supernatural into a realistic setting softens anything that offends the regime by making it also seem "not real". Some of the best Soviet writers also used the fantastic for similar reasons.

Gogol had a huge and enduring impact on Russian literature (The quote 'We all generations of Russian novelists came out from under his Overcoat' is often apocryphally attributed to Fyodor Dostoevsky). In the 1920s, a group of Russian Writers consciously built on this thread, created the Serapion Brothers, naming the group after a character in a Hoffmann story. Writers such as Yevgeny Zamyatin, Mikhail Bulgakov, and Abram Tertz (Siniavsky) also consciously followed this tradition.

Works

Ode to Italy (1829, poem)
Hanz Küchelgarten (1829, narrative poem, published under the pseudonym "V. Alov")
Woman (1830, short story)
Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka (Volume I, 1831, short story collection)
- Preface (collection opening)
- The Fair at Sorochintsï (short story) (the basis for Mussorgsky's opera of the same name)
- St. John's Eve (short story) (the basis for Mussorgsky's orchestral work best known under the title Night on Bald Mountain)
- May Night or the Drowned Maiden (the basis for Rimsky-Korsakov's opera of the same name and of Mykola Lysenko's opera The Drowned Maiden ^*)
- A Tale Told by the Sexton of the N...Church
Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka (Volume II, 1832, short story collection)
- Preface (collection opening, Volume II)
- Christmas Eve (the basis for several operas, including Tchaikovsky's Cherevichki (the revised version of Vakula the Smith), Rimsky-Korsakov's opera of the same name, and Mykola Lysenko's like-named (in Ukrainian) Rivnaja nič)
- A Terrible Vengeance
- Ivan Fedorovic Sponka and his Aunt
- A Bewitched Place
Mirgorod (1835, short story collection, published in two volumes)
- The Old World Landowners
- Taras Bulba (the basis for an opera of the same name by Mykola Lysenko)
- Viy
- The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich
Arabesques (1835, short story collection)
- The Portrait (short story)
- A Chapter from an Historical Novel (fragment)
- Nevsky Prospect
- The Prisoner (fragment)
- Diary of a Madman (novel)
The Nose (1836, short story, the basis for an opera by Dmitri Shostakovich)
The Carriage (1836, short story)
The Inspector General (1836, play)
Leaving the Theater (1842, essay)
Rome (1842, fragment)
The Overcoat (1842, short story)
Zhenitba (or Zhenit'ba – The Marriage, 1842, comedy, play, the first act of which was adapted by Mussorgsky as an opera of the same name, completed by Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov)
Dead Souls (1842, novel)
The Gamblers (1843, play)
Selected Passages from Correspondence with his Friends (1847, collection of letters and essays)
- Meditations on the Divine Liturgy

External links