George Marshall

General of the Army George Catlett Marshall, GCB, US Army (Ret.) (December 31 1880 – October 16 1959) was an American military leader and Secretary of State best remembered for his leadership in the Allied victory in World War II and for his work establishing the post-war reconstruction effort for Europe, which became known as the Marshall Plan.

George C. Marshall was born into a middle-class family in the Pittsburgh suburb of Uniontown, Pennsylvania, and was educated at Virginia Military Institute. He entered the US Army after graduation, rising to the position of Army Chief of Staff, and served continuously, including in World War I (on the staff of General John Pershing) and World War II, until his retirement in 1945. In 1964, the The George C. Marshall Foundation was established at the Virginia Military Institute to honor Marshall's character and career.

Military career

After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute, where he was initiated into the Kappa Alpha Order, in 1901, Marshall entered the U.S. Army, where he was to have a long and distinguished career. Until World War I, he was posted to various positions in the US and the Philippines, and was trained in modern warfare. During the War he had roles as a planner of both training and operations. He went to France in the summer of 1917 as the director of training and planning for the 1st Infantry Division. In mid-1918, he was promoted to American Expeditionary Forces headquarters, where he was a key planner of American operations. He was instrumental in the design and coordination of the Meuse-Argonne offensive, which contributed to the defeat of the German Army on the Western Front.

In 1919 he became an aide-de-camp to General John J. Pershing. Between 1920 and 1924, while Pershing was Army Chief of Staff, Marshall worked in a number of positions in the US Army, focusing on training and teaching modern, mechanized warfare. Between WWI and WWII, he was a key planner and writer in the War Department, spent three years in China, and taught at the Army War College. In 1934, then-Col. Marshall directed the publication of Infantry in Battle. a book that codified the lessons of World War I. Infantry in Battle is still used as an officer's training manual in the Infantry Officer's Course, and was the training manual for most of the infantry officers and leaders of World War II.

Marshall was promoted to Brigadier General in October 1936. In 1939 he was selected by Franklin D. Roosevelt to be Army Chief of Staff, a position he held until 1945. In 1944, became the first U.S. General to be awarded 5-star rank, otherwise known as General of the Army. This position is the American equivalent to the rank of Field Marshal. Marshall once joked that he was glad the U.S. never created a "Field Marshal" rank during World War II, since he would then have to be addressed as "Marshal Marshall".

During World War II, Marshall was instrumental in getting the U.S. Army and Army Air Corps reorganized and ready for combat. Marshall wrote the document that would become the central strategy for all Allied operations in Europe, selected Dwight Eisenhower as Supreme Commander in Europe, and designed Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy. His success in working with Congress and President Franklin D. Roosevelt, along with his refusal to lobby for the position, ultimately resulted in his being passed over as the Supreme Allied Commander in charge of the D-Day invasion. At the time, the President told him: "I couldn't sleep nights, George, if you were out of Washington."

Throughout the remainder of the World War II, Marshall coordinated all Allied operations in Europe and the Pacific. He was characterized as the organizer of Allied victory by Winston Churchill. Time Magazine named Marshall Man of the Year in 1944. Marshall retired from the Army in 1945.

Post War

After WW II Marshall was sent to China to negotiate a truce and build a coalition government between the Nationalists and Communists fighting the Chinese Civil War. His efforts failed and he was recalled in January 1947.

Upon his return, Marshall was named Secretary of State in 1947. In this role, on Thursday June 5 1947 at a speech at Harvard University, he outlined the U.S. government's preparedness to contribute to European recovery. The European Recovery Plan, which became known as the Marshall Plan, helped Europe quickly rebuild and earned Marshall the honor of being named TIME's Man of the Year in 1948 and receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953. As Secretary of State, Marshall strongly opposed recognizing the State of Israel telling President Truman, "If you (recognize the state of Israel) and if I were to vote in the election, I would vote against you."^*^* In 1949 he resigned from the State Department and was named president of the American National Red Cross. He was named Secretary of Defense in 1950, but retired from politics for good in 1951, after Senator Joseph McCarthy made a speech on the Senate floor stating that "if Marshall was merely stupid, the laws of probability would dictate that part of his decisions would serve America's interests."

Marshall died on Friday October 16 1959. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Family life

He married Elizabeth Carter Cole of Lexington, Virginia in 1902. She died in 1927. In 1930 he married Katherine Boyce Tupper.

Dates of rank

Second Lieutenant, United States Army: February 2, 1902
First Lieutenant, United States Army: March 7, 1907
Captain, United States Army: July 1, 1916
Major, National Army: August 5, 1917
Lieutenant Colonel, National Army: January 5, 1918
Colonel, National Army: August 27, 1918
Major, Regular Army (reverted to peacetime rank): July 1, 1920
Lieutenant Colonel, Regular Army: August 21, 1923
Colonel, Regular Army: September 1, 1933
Brigadier General, Regular Army: October 1, 1936
Major General, Regular Army: September 1, 1939
General, Regular Army, for service as Army Chief of Staff: September 1, 1939
General of the Army, Army of the United States: December 16, 1944
General of the Army rank made permanent in the Regular Army: April 11, 1946

Awards and decorations

United States: military honors

Distinguished Service Medal with one Oak leaf cluster
Silver Star
World War I Victory Medal with four battle clasps
American Defense Service Medal with “Foreign Service” Clasp
American Campaign Medal
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with two bronze service stars
Mexican Border Service Medal
World War II Victory Medal
Army of Occupation of Germany Medal
National Defense Service Medal

Foreign military honors

British Order of the Bath
French Legion of Honor
French Croix de Guerre
Soviet Order of Suvorov
Soviet Grand Cross Order of Military Merit
Moroccan Grand Cross of Ouissam Alaouite
Philippine Campaign Medal
Cuban Order of Military Merit, First Class
Liberian Centennial Medal
Greek Grand Cross Order of George I with swords
Order of the Crown of Italy
Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Italy)
Netherlands Grand Cross with Swords in the Order of Orange Nassau
Montenegro Silver Medal for Bravery
Panamanian Medal of La Solidaridad, Second Class
Peruvian Gran Oficial del Sol del Peru
Brazilian Order of Military Merit
Chilean Order del Merito
Ecuadorian Star of Abdon Calderon, First Class
Colombian Grand Cross of the Order of Boyaco Cherifien

Civilian honors

In 1948, he was awarded the Distinguished Achievement Award for his role and contributions during and after World War II.
Nobel Peace Prize 1953 for the Marshall Plan
The British Parliament established the Marshall Scholarship in recognition of Marshall's contributions to Anglo-American relations.
A street, Marshall Drive, is named after him in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Quotations

"We are determined that before the sun sets on this terrible struggle, Our Flag will be recognized throughout the World as a symbol of Freedom on the one hand and of overwhelming force on the other." -- George Marshall (May 29, 1942, Larry I. Bland and Sharon Ritenour Stevens, ed. The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, Vol 3 pp. 212-14.) ^*

"I couldn't sleep nights, George, if you were out of Washington." -Franklin D. Roosevelt, reported by Henry Stimson, 1943

“...what a joy it must be to ^* to see how the armies he called into being by his own genius have won immortal renown. He is the true 'organizer of victory.’” Winston Churchill, 1945

"A man devoted to the daily study of war on several continents with all the ardour of a certified public accountant." - Alistair Cooke, 1959

"Hitherto I had thought of Marshall as a rugged soldier and a magnificent organizer and builder of armies - the American Carnot. But now I saw that he was a statesman with a penetrating and commanding view of the whole scene." - Winston Churchill

External links

References

Four-volume authorized biography, by Forrest Pogue, Viking, 1963–87:
- George C. Marshall: Education of a general, 1880-1939
- George C Marshall: Ordeal and Hope, 1939-1943
- George C. Marshall: Organizer of Victory 1943-1945
- George C. Marshall : Statesman 1945-1959

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