George Bernard Shaw

(George) Bernard ShawShaw never used his first name "George" personally or professionally: he was "Bernard Shaw" throughout his long career. Since his death it has become customary to use all three of his names, even in reference works. (July 26, 1856 – November 2, 1950) was an Irish playwright and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1925 and the Academy Award in 1938 for Pygmalion. After those of William Shakespeare, Shaw's plays are some of the most widely produced in English language theatre.

Born at 33 Synge Street in Dublin, Ireland to rather poor Church of Ireland parents, Shaw was educated at Wesley College, Dublin and moved to London during the 1870s to embark on his literary career. He wrote five novels, none of which were published, before finding his first success as a music critic on the Star newspaper. He wrote his music criticism under the pseudonym Corno di Bassetto.

In the meantime he had become involved in politics, and served as a local councillor in the St Pancras district of London for several years from 1897. He was a noted socialist who took a leading role in the Fabian Society.

In 1895, Shaw became the drama critic of the Saturday Review, and this was the first step in his progress towards a lifetime's work as a dramatist. In 1898, he married an Irish heiress, Charlotte Payne-Townshend. His first successful play, Candida, was produced in the same year. He followed this with a series of classic comedy-dramas, including The Devil's Disciple (1897), Arms and the Man (1898), Mrs. Warren's Profession (1898), Captain Brassbound's Conversion (1900), Caesar and Cleopatra (1901), Man and Superman (1903), Major Barbara (1905), Androcles and the Lion (1912), and Pygmalion (1913).

After World War I, during which he was a staunch pacifist, he produced more serious dramas, including Heartbreak House (1919) and Saint Joan (1923). A characteristic of Shaw's published plays is the lengthy prefaces that accompany them. In these essays, Shaw wrote more about his usually controversial opinions on the issues touched by the plays than about the plays themselves. Some prefaces are much longer than the actual play.

Shaw died in 1950 at the age of 94 due to a fall from a ladder.http://www.english.upenn.edu/~cmazer/mis1.html

After his death

By the time of his death, Shaw was not only a household name in Britain, but a world figure. His ironic wit endowed the language with the adjective "Shavian" to refer to such clever observations as "England and America are two countries divided by a common language."http://www.worldandi.com/newhome/public/2003/may/bkpub.asp

From 1906 until his death, Shaw lived at Shaw's Corner in the small village of Ayot St Lawrence, Hertfordshire. The house is now a National Trust property, open to the public.

Concerned about the inconsistency of English spelling, he willed a portion of his wealth to fund the creation of a new phonemic alphabet for the English language. On his death bed, he did not have much money to leave, so no effort was made to start such a project. However, his estate began to earn significant royalties from the rights to Pygmalion when My Fair Lady, a musical adapted from the play by his comrade film producer Gabriel Pascal, became a hit. It then became clear that the will was so badly worded that the relatives had grounds to challenge the will, and in the end an-out-of-court settlement granted only a small portion of the money to promoting a new alphabet. This became known as the Shavian alphabet. The National Gallery of Ireland, RADA and the British Museum all received substantial bequests.

The Shaw Theatre, Euston Road, London was opened in 1971 and named in his honour.

The Shaw Festival, an annual theater festival in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, began as an eight week run of Don Juan in Hell and Candida in 1962 and has grown into an annual festival with over 800 performances a year, dedicated to producing the works of Shaw and his contemporaries.

Friends and correspondents

Shaw, in his lifetime, maintained correspondence with hundreds of personages, many notable and many not. His letters to and from Mrs. Patrick Campbell were adapted for the stage by Jerome Kilty as Dear Liar: A Comedy of Letters; as was his correspondence with the poet Lord Alfred 'Bosie' Douglas (the intimate friend of Oscar Wilde), into the drama Bernard and Bosie: A Most Unlikely Friendship by Anthony Wynn. His letters to the prominent actress, Ellen Terry, the boxer Gene Tunney, and H.G. Wells have also been published.

Shaw campaigned against the executions of the rebel leaders of the Easter Rising, and he became a personal friend of the Cork-born IRA leader Michael Collins, whom he invited to his home for dinner while Collins was negotiating the Anglo-Irish Treaty with Lloyd-George in London. After Collins's assassination in 1922, Shaw sent a personal message of condolence to one of Collins's sisters.

Shaw had a long time friendship with G. K. Chesterton, the Catholic-convert British writer, and there are many humorous stories about their complicated relationship.

Another great friend was the composer Edward Elgar.

Shaw's correspondence with the motion picture producer Gabriel Pascal, who was the first to successfully bring Shaw's plays to the screen and who later adapted Pygmalion into "My Fair Lady," is published in a book titled Bernard Shaw and Gabriel Pascal (ISBN 0802030025).

A stage play based on a book by Hugh Whitemore, The Best of Friends, provides a window on the friendships of Dame Laurentia McLachlan, OSB (late Abbess of Stanbrook) with Sir Sydney Cockerell and Shaw through adaptations from their letters and writings.

Socialism and political beliefs

Shaw had a vision (letter to Henry James of January 17, 1909):

“I, as a Socialist, have had to preach, as much as anyone, the enormous power of the environment. We can change it; we must change it; there is absolutely no other sense in life than the task of changing it. What is the use of writing plays, what is the use of writing anything, if there is not a will which finally moulds chaos itself into a race of gods.”

Shaw held that each class worked towards its own ends, and that those from the upper echelons had won the struggle; for him, the working class had failed in promoting their interests effectively, making Shaw highly critical of the democratic system of his day. The writing of Shaw, such as his plays Major Barbara and Pygmalion, has a background theme of class struggle.

Shaw's second career — after the theatre — was in support of socialism. In 1882 Henry George’s lecture on land nationalization gave depth and direction to Shaw’s political ideology. Shortly thereafter he applied to join the Social Democratic Federation. Its leader H. M. Hyndman introduced him to the works of Karl Marx. Instead, in May of 1884 he joined the newly-formed Fabian Society. He played a pivotal role with the Fabian Society and wrote a number of their pamphlets. He argued that property was theft and for an equitable distribution of land and capital. He was involved with the formation of the Labour Party. For a clear statement of his position read The Intelligent Woman’s Guide to Socialism, Capitalism, Sovietism, and Fascism.

Despite the fact that he identified as being a democratic socialist, in the 1930s Shaw approved of the regime of Stalin and also made some ambiguous statements that are often interpreted as being pro-Hitler. In 1945, his preface to the play Geneva staked a claim that the majority of the victims of the Nazi extermination camps had in fact died of "overcrowding". However, he also stated that Hitler had become a "mad messiah" over time. Shaw contrasted this with the situation in the Soviet Union where, according to Shaw, "Stalin... made good by doing things better and much more promptly than parliaments". Shaw also made numerous anti-semitic comments at this time, although the extent to which he was merely being ironic or provocative is unclear.

His strongly favorable view of Stalin and the Soviet Union is quite evident, but often goes unremarked in discussions of his work. He declared all the stories of a famine were slander. Having been asked why he didn't want to stay permanently in the Soviet 'earthly paradise', Shaw ironically marked that England was a 'hell' but of course he was a small devil himself.

Vegetarianism

Bernard Shaw was a noted vegetarian. The following was taken from the archives of The Vegetarian Society UKhttp://www.ivu.org/history/shaw/index.html:

The Summer of 1946 seems to have been a season of anniversaries and memorials. The Vegetarian Society itself was looking forward to its 100th anniversary and giving its members advance warnings of celebratory plans.

But the big story of the July issue of The Vegetarian Messenger was the tribute to George Bernard Shaw, celebrating his 90th birthday on the 26th of that month. He had, at that time, been a vegetarian for 66 years and was commended as one of the great thinkers and dramatists of his era. "No writer since Shakespearean times has produced such a wealth of dramatic literature, so superb in expression, so deep in thought and with such dramatic possibilities as Shaw." The writer was a staunch vegetarian, anti-vivisectionist and opponent of cruel sports.

Trivia

Shaw as a motorcyclist, and gave TE Lawrence a Brough Superior.
Upon visiting America, Shaw called New York Giants baseball manager John McGraw the "one true American".
Shaw is the only person ever to have won both a Nobel Prize and an Academy Award.

Works

Drama

Plays Unpleasant (published 1898):
- Widowers' Houses (1892)
- The Philanderer (1898)
- Mrs Warren's Profession (1898)
Plays Pleasant (published 1898):
- The Man of Destiny (1897)
- Arms and the Man (1898)
- Candida (1898)
- You Never Can Tell (1898)
Three Plays for Puritans (published 1901):
- The Devil's Disciple (1897)
- Captain Brassbound's Conversion (1900)
- Caesar and Cleopatra (1901)
The Admirable Bashville (1901)
Man and Superman (1902-03)
John Bull's Other Island (1904)
How He Lied to Her Husband (1904)
Major Barbara (1905)
The Doctor's Dilemma (1906)
Getting Married (1908)

The Glimpse of Reality (1909)
Misalliance (1910)
Dark Lady of the Sonnets (1910)
Fanny's First Play (1911)
Androcles and the Lion (1913)
Pygmalion (1912-13)
Heartbreak House (1919)
Back to Methuselah (1921):
- In the Beginning
- The Gospel of the Brothers Barnabas
- The Thing Happens
- Tragedy of an Elderly Gentleman
- As Far as Thought Can Reach
Saint Joan (1923)
The Apple Cart (1929)
On the Rocks (1933)
The Six of Calais (1934)
Geneva (1938)
In Good King Charles' Golden Days (1939)
Shakes versus Shav (1949)

Novels

Immaturity (1879)
The Irrational Knot 1880
Love Among the Artists (1881)
Cashel Byron's Profession (1882-83)
An Unsocial Socialist (1883)

Essays

Commonsense about the War
The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism
The Black Girl in Search of God
Everybody's Political What's What? 1944 Constable

Music criticism

A Commentary on the Niblung's Ring, 1923

Debate

Shaw V. Chesterton, a debate between George Bernard Shaw and G.K. Chesterton 2000 Third Way Publications Ltd. ISBN 0953507777

References and footnotes

External links

"Excerpt from Caesar and Cleopatra" Creative Commons audio recording.
Dan H. Laurence/Shaw Collection in the University of Guelph Library, Archival and Special Collections, holds more than 3,000 items related to his writings and career

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