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Ganciclovir (INN) (IPA: ) is an antiviral medication used to treat or prevent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. It was developed by Canadian scientist Kelvin K. Ogilvie.Ogilvie KK. Biography – Kelvin K. Ogilvie Wolfville (NS): Acadia University; c2003. [updated 2003 Sep 17; cited 2006 May 28. Available from: http://ace.acadiau.ca/science/chem/faculty/kko/Biography.html Ganciclovir sodium is marketed under the trade names Cytovene and Cymevene (Roche). Ganciclovir for ocular use is marketed under the trade name Vitrasert (Bausch & Lomb). A prodrug form with improved oral bioavailability (valganciclovir) has also been developed.
Mechanism of action
Ganciclovir is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxy-guanosine. It is first phosphorylated to a deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) analog. This competitively inhibits the incorporation of dGTP by viral DNA polymerase, resulting in the termination of elongation of viral DNA.
Clinical use
Indications
Ganciclovir is indicated for:Rossi S, editor. Australian Medicines Handbook 2006. Adelaide: Australian Medicines Handbook; 2006. ISBN 0-9757919-2-3- Sight-threatening CMV retinitis in severely immunocompromised people
- CMV pneumonitis in bone marrow transplant recipients
- Prevention of CMV disease in bone marrow and solid organ transplant recipients
- Confirmed CMV retinitis in people with AIDS (intravitreal implant)
It is also used for acute CMV colitis in HIV/AIDS and CMV pneumonitis in immunosuppressed patients.
Adverse effects
Ganciclovir is commonly associated with a range of serious haematological adverse effects. Common adverse drug reactions (≥1% of patients) include: granulocytopenia, neutropenia, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, fever, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, flatulence, anorexia, raised liver enzymes, headache, confusion, hallucination, seizures, pain and phlebitis at injection site (due to high pH), sweating, rash, itch, increased serum creatinine and blood urea concentrations.Toxicity
Ganciclovir is considered a potential human carcinogen, teratogen, and mutagen. It has also considered likely to cause inhibition of spermatogenesis. Thus, it is used judiciously and handled as a cytotoxic drug in the clinical settingRoche Products Pty Ltd. Cymevene (Australian Approved Product Information). Dee Why (NSW): Roche; 2005.Pharmacokinetics
Absorption of the oral form is very limited - about 5% fasting, about 8% with food. It achieves a concentration in the central nervous system of about 50% of the plasma level. About 90% of plasma ganciclovir is eliminated unchanged in the urine, with a half-life of 2-6 hrs, depending on renal function (elimination takes over 24 hours in end-stage renal disease).Administration
Acute infections are treated in two phases:- induction phase, 5 mg per kilogram intravenously every 12 hours for 14-21 days, the intravenous dose given as a 1 hour infusion
- maintenance phase, 5 mg per kg intravenously every day
Ganciclovir is also available in slow-release formulations for insertion into the vitreous humour of the eye, as treatment for CMV retinitis (associated with HIV infection).
References
Further reading
- Noble S, Faulds D. Ganciclovir. An update of its use in the prevention of cytomegalovirus infection and disease in transplant recipients. Drugs. 1998;56(1):115-46
- Spector SA. Oral ganciclovir. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999;458:121-7
- Couchoud C. Cytomegalovirus prophylaxis with antiviral agents for solid organ transplantation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD001320.
"Ganciclovir"