Fritz Wolfgang London (March 7, 1900–March 30, 1954) was a German-born American physicist for whom the London force is named. Fritz London was the first theoretical physicist who made the fundamental, and at the time controversial, suggestion that superfluidity is intrinsically related to the Einstein condensation of bosons, a phenomenon now known euphemistically as the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) although Bose had nothing to do with the theory of the condensation of bosons. London was also one of the early authors (including Schrödinger) who have properly understood the principle of the local gauge invariance (Weyl) in the context of the then new quantum mechanics. London was born in Breslau, then in Germany but now in Poland, and emigrated to the United States in 1939. In 1945, he became a naturalized citizen. He died in Durham, North Carolina. London was affiliated with Duke University. He was awarded the Lorentz Medal in 1953.

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German physicists | American physicists | Jewish-American scientists | Naturalized citizens of the United States | 1900 births | 1954 deaths

Fritz London | Fritz London | フリッツ・ロンドン | Fritz Wolfgang London | Fritz Wolfgang London | Fritz London