This article is about the occupation. For the video game, see Freelancer (computer game).

A freelancer or freelance worker is a self-employed person working in a profession or trade in which full-time employment is also common. The term was first coined by Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832) in his well-known historical romance Ivanhoe to describe a "medieval mercenary warrior." The phrase later transitioned to a figurative noun around the 1860s then officially recognized as a verb in 1903 by various authorities in etymology (e.g., Oxford University). Only in modern times has the term migrated into a noun (a freelancer), various verb forms (a journalist who freelances), and adverb (she worked freelance).

The author and poet Ernest William Hornung (1866 - 1921) also used the term in "The Gift of the Emperor" to describe something of poor quality: "I warmed to my woes. It was no easy matter to keep your end up as a raw freelance of letters; for my part, I was afraid I wrote neither well enough nor ill enough for success."

Fields where freelancing is especially common include journalism and other forms of writing, computer programming and graphic design, consulting, and many other professional and creative services. But the practice is widespread: for example, bounty hunters and mercenaries are freelancers, with their full-time counterparts being, respectively, the police and the military.

The Internet has opened up many freelance opportunities, expanding markets and helping to build it into one of the largest economic segments for many economies. Development for freelancing has been especially high for software development, information technology, and business documentation.

Freelance practice varies greatly. Some require clients to sign written contracts, while others may perform work based on verbal agreements, perhaps enforceable through the very nature of the work. Some freelancers may provide written estimates of work and request deposits from clients.

Payment for freelance work also varies greatly. Freelancers may charge by the day or hour, or on a per-job basis. By custom, payment arrangements may be upfront, half-half, or upon completion.

Benefits and drawbacks

Freelancers generally enjoy a greater variety of assignments than in regular employment, and almost always have more freedom to choose their work schedule. The experience also allows the opportunity to build up a portfolio of work and cultivate a network of clients in hopes of obtaining a permanent position.

A major drawback is the uncertainty of work – and thus income – and lack of company benefits such as health insurance or retirement pay.

Another drawback is that freelancers often must handle contracts, legal issues, accounting, marketing, and other business functions by themselves. If they do choose to pay for professional services, they can sometimes turn into a significant out-of-pocket expense. Working hours can extend beyond the standard working day and working week.

From a cultural standpoint, freelancing is viewed as either above or below the social system. In keeping with Scott's original coinage, Americans and most Europeans view freelancing as a socially elevated occupation. However many Asian countries appear to follow Hormung by holding low regard for freelancers, often associating the practice with personal failure (an inability to find work with a major employer) and even criminality (see: Ninja).

See also

• Freelancing on the internet
• Precarity (uncertainty of work)
• Freelancers Union

External links

• Free help with freelancing
• Freelance Designers - Free Freelancer Directory
• Resources about freelancing

Professions

Freelance | Freelancer | Freelance | Freelance | Freelance | Freelance | Freelance | フリーランス | Freelancer | Фрилансер | Фрилансер