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A fireplace is an architectural element consisting of a space designed to contain a fire, generally for heating but sometimes also for cooking. The space where the fire is contained is called a firebox or firepit; a chimney or other flue allows gas and particulate exhaust to escape the building. While most fireplaces are constructed in building interiors, sometimes outdoor versions are created for evening warmth, outdoor cooking or decorative purposes.
Uses
In colder climates throughout the world, the fireplace or hearth has traditionally been the central feature of the household, as it gives warmth to aid survival through an extended winter. The sensation of direct heat, and the mesmerizing leaps and flickers of a wood fire, make its use enjoyable in cold conditions even today.
As a result, people gather around a fireplace for conversation, planning, or sex in a more intimate fashion. After the workday, it is often the place a family meets at night before retiring to sleep. One famous use of this tradition in the United States during the Great Depression was President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's "fireside chats", weekly radio addresses in which he made use of the family gathering time to state his views on issues of national importance.
Types of fireplace
In many places, coal, wood or peat burning fires are being replaced by cleaner and often safer natural gas and electric systems. Some governmental agencies have placed a partial ban on solid fuel burning fireplaces based upon air pollution concerns. Gas fireplaces very often burn off a small amount of their fuel in a flickering display meant to recall that of a wood fire. Alternatively, flame-shaped paper streamers wave vertically in the air, held up by the updraft produced by a heating element. Many lower priced new homes are not equipped with a fireplace at all, its heating function long since taken over by central heating and its social function by the home entertainment center. Some fireplaces have been closed off not allowing them to be used, either the top of the chimney has a concrete slab installed over it or the bottom has had a board nailed to it. This is so the fireplace doesn't suck out warm air. Prefab fireplaces have become popular because of their lower construction cost but offer a limited range of sizes and styles. Brick or stone fireplaces have greater durablity and can be designed to meet exact specifications for opening size, depth, and facing material. They also cost a lot more to build.
A fireplace may consist of some or all of the following elements: foundation, hearth, firebox, facing, ashdump door, cleanout door, grate or iron bars, lintel, lintel bar, breast, damper, smoke chamber, throat, flue, chimney chase, crown, cap or shroud, and spark arrestor.
Types of fireplace include:
Manufactured or 'Prefab' fireplace with sheet metal fire box and double or triple walled metal pipe running up inside a wood framed chase with a chase cover and cap/spark arrestor at the top to keep the birds out and the sparks in. Within a hundred yards or so of salt water this type of chimney tends to rust out. Otherwise it's a good alternative to the more costly masonry chimney.
Masonry (brick or stone fireplaces and chimneys) with or without tile lined flue. Tiles are used to line the flue to keep the corrosive combustion products from eating away the chimney flue lining. Unreinforced masonry chimney do not stand up to earthquakes well.
Reinforced Concrete Chimneys: Popular during the 1970s to 1980s. Fundamental flaws (the difference in thermal expansion rates between steel rebar and concrete which caused the chimney flues to crack when heated) bankrupted the US manufacturers and obsoleted the technique. This type of chimney often shows vertical cracks on the exterior of the chimney which worsen as the internal rebar rusts.
Accessories
There are a range of accessories used with fireplaces. For the interior firepit, the most common are grates, logboxes and firedogs, all of which are used to cradle the fuel and accelerate burning. For the exterior adornment and fireplace tending function, there are fireplace tools including poker, bellows, tongs, shovel, brush and toolstand. Current versions of all these devices are available, but there are extant accessories manufactured in Europe which date at least as early as 1550 AD.
Fireplaces in fiction
The story of Santa Claus teaches that he comes down the chimney to get in the house. This detail has occasionally been used in folktales such as The Three Little Pigs in which the wolf comes down the third little pig's chimney, and in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland where Bill the lizard is sent down the White Rabbit's chimney to get Alice out of the house.
See also
Further reading
Home appliances | Architectural elements
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"Fireplace"