In mathematics, the (field) norm is a mapping defined in field theory, to map elements of a larger field into a smaller one.

Formal definition

If K is a field and L a Galois extension of K, the norm N_L/K of an element α of L is defined as the product of all the conjugates

g(α)

of α, for g in the Galois group G of L/K. Since

N_L/K(α)

is immediately seen to be invariant under G, it follows that it lies in K. It also follows directly from the definition that

N_L/K(αβ) = N_L/K(α)N_L/K(β)

so that the norm, when considered on non-zero elements, is a group homomorphism from the multiplicative group of L to that of K.

The norm of an algebraic element γ over K can be defined directly as the product N(γ) of the roots of its minimal polynomial. Assuming γ is in L, the elements

g(γ)

are those roots, each repeated a certain number d of times. Here

d = M

is the degree of L over the subfield M of L that is the splitting field of the minimal polynomial of γ. Therefore the relationship of the norms is

N_L/K(γ) = N(γ)^d.

Example

The field norm from the complex numbers to the real numbers sends

x + iy

to

x² + y².

Further properties

The norm of an algebraic integer is again an integer, because it is equal (up to sign) to the constant term of the minimal polynomial.

In algebraic number theory one defines also norms for ideals. This is done in such a way that if I is an ideal of O_K, the ring of integers of the number field K, N(I) is the number of residue classes in O_K/I - i.e. the cardinality of this finite ring. Hence this norm of an ideal is always a positive integer. When I is a principal ideal αO_K there is the expected relation between N(I) and the absolute value of the norm to Q of α, for α an algebraic integer.

See also

• Field trace

Field theoryAlgebraic number theory | ノルム (体論) | Norm_(Körpererweiterung)