Federal Emergency Management Agency

' The Federal Emergency Management Agency, or FEMA, is an agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) within the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate. FEMA's purpose is to coordinate the response to a disaster which has occurred in the United States and which overwhelms the resources of local and municipal authorities. Generally, the governor of the state in which the disaster occurred must declare a state of emergency and formally request from the President of the United States that FEMA and the Federal Government respond to the disaster.

While on-the-ground, logistical support for disaster recovery is a major part of FEMA's charter, the agency is also responsible for the disbursement of government funds for rebuilding efforts and relief funds for individual citizens and businesses. FEMA also provides funds for training of response personnel throughout the United States and its territories as part of the agency's preparedness effort.

History

The federal emergency management has existed in one form or another for over 200 years. The history of FEMA can be divided into the following parts.

Pre-1930

The first major disaster in the history of the United States was a series of devastating fires in the port city of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The Seventh Congress passed a number of measures in the Congressional Act of 1803, which provided relief for the merchants of Portsmouth by waiving duties and tariffs on goods. This is widely considered the first piece of legislation passed by the federal government that provided relief after a disaster and can be viewed as the beginnings of federal policies to provide relief after a disaster.

Between 1803 and 1930, ad hoc legislation was passed more than 100 times for relief or compensation after a disaster. Examples of these include the waiving of duties and tariffs to the merchants of New York City after a fire in the mid 1830s. After President Abraham Lincoln's assassination at Ford's Theatre, the 54th Congress passed legislation compensating those who were injured in the theater.

Piecemeal Approach (1930s – 1960s)

After the start of the Great Depression in 1929, President Herbert Hoover had commissioned the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) in 1932. The purpose of the RFC was to lend money to banks and institutions to stimulate economic activity. RFC was also responsible for dispensing federal dollars in the wake of a disaster. RFC can be considered the first organized federal disaster response agency.

The Bureau of Public Roads in 1934 was given authority to finance the reconstruction of highways and roads after a disaster. The Flood Control Act of 1944 also gave the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers authority over flood control and irrigation projects and thus played a major role in disaster recovery from flooding.

This "piecemeal approach" to disaster recovery was troubled by poor interagency cooperation and bureaucratic red tape.

Department of Housing and Urban Development (1960 - 1979)

By the start of the 1960s, federal disaster relief and recovery was brought under the umbrella of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), which created the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration. This agency would oversee disasters such as Hurricane Carla in 1962, Hurricane Betsy in 1965, Hurricane Camille in 1969 and Hurricane Agnes in 1972, the Alaskan (Good Friday) Earthquake of 1964 and the San Fernando Earthquake of 1971.

Many government agencies were still involved in disaster relief; in some cases, more than 100 separate agencies might be jockeying for control and jurisdiction of a disaster.

FEMA as an Independent Agency (1979 – 2003)

In 1979, President Jimmy Carter, at the prompting of the National Governors Association, signed Executive Order 12148 which put a new agency, FEMA, in charge of coordinating all disaster relief efforts at the federal level. FEMA absorbed the Federal Insurance Administration, the National Fire Prevention and Control Administration, the National Weather Service Community Preparedness Program, the Federal Preparedness Agency of the General Services Administration and the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration activities from HUD. FEMA was also given the responsibility for overseeing the nation's Civil Defense, a function which had previously been performed by the Department of Defense’s Defense Civil Preparedness Agency.

One of the first disasters FEMA responded to was the dumping of toxic waste into Love Canal in Niagara Falls, New York in the late 1970s. FEMA also responded to the Three Mile Island nuclear accident where the nuclear generating station suffered a partial core meltdown. These disasters, while showing the agency could function properly, also uncovered some inefficiencies.

In 1993, President Bill Clinton elevated FEMA to a cabinet level position and named James Lee Witt as FEMA Director. Witt initiated reforms that would help to streamline the disaster recovery and mitigation process. The end of the Cold War also allowed the agency’s resources to be turned away from civil defense to natural disaster preparedness.

FEMA under DHS (2003 - Present)

Following September 11th, 2001, President Bush created the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to better coordinate among the different federal agencies that deal with law enforcement, disaster preparedness and recovery, border protection and civil defense. FEMA was absorbed into DHS as of 2003. As a result, FEMA became part of the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate of DHS, and employs more than 2,600 full time employees. In September 2003, Michael D. Brown, FEMA's director and DHS Undersecretary, warned that the shift would make a mockery of FEMA's new motto, "A Nation Prepared," and would "fundamentally sever FEMA from its core functions," "shatter agency morale" and "break longstanding, effective and tested relationships with states and first responder stakeholders." The inevitable result of the reorganization of 2003, warned Brown, would be "an ineffective and uncoordinated response" to a terrorist attack or a natural disaster. Post Dec 23, 2005

FEMA and DHS both came under intense criticism for their handling of the Hurricane Katrina disaster in 2005 (see Katrina and Criticism sections below). As a result, FEMA Director Brown was relieved of command of the Gulf Coast region and resigned shortly thereafter.

Organization

Today FEMA exists as a major agency of the Department of Homeland Security. The Under Secretary for Federal Emergency Management reports directly to the Secretary of Homeland Security.

FEMA currently manages the National Flood Insurance Program. Other programs FEMA previously administered have since been internalized or shifted under direct DHS control.

The Under Secretary for Federal Emergency Management is also the Director of FEMA. R. David Paulison was confirmed to fill the position.

Response Capabilities

FEMA's emergency response is based around small, decentralized teams trained in such specialties as medical care, search and rescue, and communications.

National Disaster Medical System (NDMS)

These teams provide medical and allied care to disaster victims. Teams are made up of doctors, nurses, pharmacists, etc., and are typically sponsored by hospitals, public safety agencies or private organizations.

Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMAT) provide medical care at disasters and are typically made up of doctors and paramedics. There are also National Nursing Response Teams (NNRT), National Pharmacy Response Teams (NPRT) and Veterinary Medical Assistance Teams (VMAT). Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Teams (DMORT) provide mortuary and forensic services. National Medical Response Teams (NMRT) are equipped to decontaminate victims of chemical and biological agents.

Urban Search and Rescue (US&R)

These task forces rescue victims of structural collapse and other confined spaces, for example mines.

Mobile Emergency Response Systems (MERS)

These teams provide communications support to local public safety. For instance, they may operate a truck with satellite uplink, computers, telephone and power generation at a staging area near a disaster so that the responders can communicate with the outside world. There are also Mobile Air Transportable Telecommunications System (MATTS) assets which can be airlifted in.

Response to Major Disasters

Hurricane Andrew - 1992

(see also Hurricane Andrew)

In August 1992, Hurricane Andrew struck the Florida and Louisiana coasts with 165 mph (265 km/h) sustained winds. FEMA was widely criticized for the agency’s response to Andrew, summed up by the famous exclamation, "Where in the hell is the cavalry on this one?" by Dade County, Florida, emergency management director Kate Hale. FEMA and the federal government at large were accused of not responding fast enough to house, feed and sustain the approximately 250,000 people left homeless in the affected areas. Within five days the federal government and neighboring states had dispatched 20,000 National Guard and active duty troops to South Dade County to set up temporary housing. FEMA had previously been criticized for its response to Hurricane Hugo, which hit South Carolina in September 1989, and many of the same issues that plagued the agency during Hurricane Andrew were also evident during the response to Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001

(see also September 11, 2001 attacks)

In the minutes after the first hijacked plane slammed into the World Trade Center towers, FEMA, as well as emergency services all over the city and state of New York, were mobilized. FEMA had deployed 25 of the 28 Urban Search and Rescue teams at its disposal to the World Trade Center site; however, the New York City Office of Emergency Management was in charge of the WTC recovery effort. FEMA played its largest role in the appropriation of federal funds to aid local and state governments in paying for the disaster. As of 2003, FEMA had received $5.5 billion USD to distribute among local and state agencies to help offset the cost of recovery. Within the $5.5 billion, FEMA was also allotted funds to pay for its own recovery efforts.

Hurricane Katrina – 2005

(see also Hurricane Katrina)

August 2005 saw one of the worst natural disasters in United States history. FEMA received intense criticism for its response to the disaster. FEMA had pre-positioned response personnel in the Gulf Coast region, however many were only able to report of dire situation along the Gulf Coast, especially from New Orleans. FEMA was responsible for the evacuation of the thousands of people who remained in New Orleans during the storm, as well as initial recovery work and appropriations. Within three days, a large contingent of National Guard and active duty troops were deployed to the region.

The enormous number of evacuees simply overwhelmed rescue personnel. The situation was compounded by flood waters in the city that hampered transportation and poor communication among the federal government, state and local entities. FEMA was widely criticized for what is seen as a slow initial response to the disaster and an inability to effectively manage, care for and move those trying to leave the city. FEMA was also reported to have deliberately hampered rescue efforts, such as cutting emergency communcations lines, and turning back trucks trying to provide water and fuel. ^*

Then-FEMA Director Michael D. Brown was criticized personally for a slow response and apparent disconnect with the actual situation on the ground. Michael Brown would eventually be relieved of command of the Katrina disaster and soon thereafter resign.

Katrina was seen as the first major test of the nation’s new disaster response plan under DHS. It is widely held that many things did not function as planned. However, formal investigations have yet to determine who exactly is to blame (and to what extent) for the Katrina disaster.

Pursuant to a temporary restraining order issued by Hon. Stanwood R. Duval, United States District Court Judge, Eastern District of Louisiana as a result of the McWaters v. FEMA class-action, February 7, 2006 was set as the deadline for the official end of any further coverage of temporary housing costs for Katrina victims. See Court orders on December 12, 2005 and January 12, 2006.

After the February 7 deadline, Katrina victims were left to their own devices either to find permanent housing for the long term, or to continue in social welfare programs set up by other organizations. There are many Katrina evacuees living in temporary shelters and/or trailer parks set up by FEMA and other relief organizations in the first months after the disaster hit, but many more are still unable to find housing.

A second round of evictions is tentatively planned for March 15th, and in response, activists from across the United States are holding a mass march in Washington, D.C. the afternoon of the previous day. Meanwhile, March 11th is said by many news sources to be the deadline for filing Hurricane Katrina disaster relief applications (though one source does mention this deadline applies only to those who have never contacted FEMA in regards to Katrina before).

The telephone number to receive disaster assistance from FEMA is 1-800-621-3362. Survivors of Katrina can learn more about FEMA assistance, and get forms for FEMA recertification, at a wiki web site FEMAanswers.org.

Angry New Orleans citizens have mocked FEMA as The Other F Word and Fixed Everything My Ass.

Criticism

In 1997, James Bovard criticized FEMA for subsidizing rebuilding in places that are vulnerable to natural disasters, asking, "we really want to help rebuild homes and government property in areas that should never have been built on in the first place?" He also claimed that localities are less likely to fund their own snow removal if they know the federal government will bail them out in the event of snow emergencies ^*. The Cato Institute's Handbook for Congress argues that private companies could perform the tasks carried about by FEMA, and that this would encourage home construction in safer areas^*:

Any time there is a natural disaster FEMA is trotted out as an example of how well government programs work. In reality, by using taxpayer dollars to provide disaster relief and subsidized insurance, FEMA itself encourages Americans to build in disaster-prone areas and makes the rest of us pick up the tab for those risk decisions. In a well-functioning private marketplace, individuals who chose to build houses in flood plains or hurricane zones would bear the cost of the increased risk through higher insurance premiums. FEMA's activities undermine that process. Americans should not be forced to pay the cost of rebuilding oceanfront summer homes. This $4 billion-a-year agency should be abolished.

FEMA does encourage disaster victims to reduce future losses by considering "taking steps to rebuild safer and smarter," advising them to ^*:

Take measures to reduce losses in the future;
Encourage community to participate in National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP);
Consider buying flood insurance.

South Florida newspaper Sun-Sentinel has an extensive list of documented criticisms of FEMA during the four hurricanes that hit the region in 2004.^* Some of the criticisms include:

When Hurricane Frances hit South Florida on Labor Day weekend (over 100 miles north of Miami-Dade County), 9,800 Miami-Dade applicants were approved by FEMA for $28 million in storm claims for new furniture; clothes; thousands of new televisions, microwaves and refrigerators; cars; dental bills; and a funeral even though the Medical Examiner recorded no deaths from Frances. A U.S. Senate committee and the inspector general of the Department of Homeland Security found that FEMA inappropriately declared Miami-Dade county a disaster area and then awarded millions, often without verifying storm damage or a need for assistance. ^*^*
FEMA used hurricane aid money to pay funeral expenses for at least 203 Floridians whose deaths were not caused by the 2004 Hurricanes, the state's coroners have concluded. Ten of the people whose funerals were paid for were not even in Florida at the time of their deaths. ^*

Since Hurricane Katrina, some critics have called for FEMA to be removed from the Department of Homeland Security, saying that its position in the department badly hindered the agency's response, and that FEMA is beyond repair. Sen. Joe Lieberman called for Congress to dissolve FEMA and rebuild it from scratch, but within the DOH.

A Senate panel has also come to the conclusion that it would be better to abolish FEMA. Sen. Susan Collins, R-Maine, who was the leader of an inquiry by the Senate said FEMA was in "shambles and beyond repair." The panel called for a new agency which will be called the National Preparedness and Response Authority if FEMA is abolished. The rest of the Senate panel's recommendations included less dramatic changes, such as creating a Homeland Security Academy, which would better prepare FEMA officials.

FEMA's annual budget is largely secretive. The "black curtain" around its budget came to national attention following FEMA's muddled response to hurricane Andrew. While it remains unknown what the majority of FEMA's billion dollar plus budget goes towards, forced government disclosures of FEMA's past activities paints a revealing picture. Rex 84, short for Readiness Exercise 1984, was an exercise to test Government's response to foreign or domestic disturbances that threatened the continuity of the State. Rex 84 and other tests like it demonstrate that FEMA's role extends far beyond responses to natural disasters or foreign/domestic terrorist attacks, into the area of policing and undermining popular movements in which governmental authority is threatened.

List of FEMA Heads

As director of the agency:

James K. Hafer, E.O.P. Office of Emergency Preparedness, May 1975 - April 1979
Gordon Vickery (acting), April 1979 - July 1979
Thomas Casey (acting), July 1979
John Macy, August 1979 - January 1981
Bernard Gallagher (acting), January 1981 - April 1981
John W. McConnell (acting), April 1981 - May 1981
Louis O. Giuffrida, May 1981 - September 1985
Robert H. Morris (acting), September 1985 - November 1985
Julius W. Becton, Jr., November 1985 - June 1989
Robert H. Morris (acting), June 1989 - May 1990
Jerry D. Jennings (acting), May 1990 - August 1990
Wallace E. Stickney, August 1990 - January 1993
William C. Tidball (acting), January 1993 - April 1993

As Director of Cabinet-level agency:

James Lee Witt, April 1993 - January 2001
John Magaw (acting), January 2001 - February 2001
Joe M. Allbaugh, February 2001 - March 2003

As Undersecretary of Emergency Preparedness and Response within the Department of Homeland Security

Michael D. Brown, March 2003 - September 2005
R. David Paulison (acting), September 2005 (Deactivated)

As Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency within the Department of Homeland Security

R. David Paulison (acting), September 2005 (Upgraded)

As Under Secretary for Federal Emergency Management within the Department of Homeland Security

R. David Paulison (acting), September 2005 - May 2006
R. David Paulison, May 2006 - Present

FEMA in Fiction

Most fictional representations play off the Agency's supposed ability to assume dictatorial powers in the event of a catastrophic disaster.

In the film The X-Files, Alvin Kurtzweil tells Fox Mulder that FEMA is involved in the global conspiracy involving extraterrestrials.
In the computer game Deus Ex, Walton Simons, who is also second in command of MJ12, is the director of FEMA. He apparently acquired this position by using a plague vaccine as a form of extortion.

References

Bovard, James: ^*, The American Spectator, Sept. 1997.
Bovard, James: The FEMA Snow Job, 19 February 1997.
Cato Handbook for Congress.
FEMA: The Disaster Assistance Process for Individuals.
FEMA: Cashing in on Disaster.
FEMA History.
DHS Organization Chart
DHS Proposed Organization Chart
MSNBC Article Senate panel recommends abolishing FEMA

External links