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Fahrenheit 9/11 is an award-winning documentary film by American filmmaker and anti-war activist Michael Moore, which had a general release in the United States and Canada on June 25, 2004 in the run up to that year's presidential election. Though classified as a documentary, the film steps away from the conventions of this genre and employs a heavy dose of satirical black humor in its presentation. Moore himself has called the film as an "op-ed piece" while vehemently defending its factual accuracy. . Consequently, the film is also described in various quarters as a comedy, a propaganda movie and a "quasi-documentary". The film has since been released in 42 more countries and holds the record for highest box office receipts by a general release documentary. The title derives from Ray Bradbury's dystopian science fiction novel Fahrenheit 451 (and the film of the same name based on it) and the September 11, 2001 attacks.

The film generated a great deal of controversy. It presents a critical look at the administration of George W. Bush and the War on Terrorism. The Los Angeles Times described the film as "an alternate history of the last four years on the U.S. political scene." * The documentary has another theme of criticizing the American corporate media for being "cheerleaders" for the war in Iraq, and not providing an accurate and objective analysis of what led to the Iraq invasion and the resulting casualties there.

One of Moore's stated aims in making the documentary was to prevent Bush from being reelected in 2004.

The film has been denounced by some as misleading propaganda, and praised by others as a valuable perspective on the Bush administration's response to 9/11 that the American media have not broadcast. The film debuted at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival in the documentary film category and was awarded the Palme d'Or (Golden Palm), the festival's highest award, by an international jury (four North Americans, four Europeans, and one Asian).

As of January, 2005, the film has grossed nearly dollar|US$" target="_blank" >*120 million in U.S. box office, and over dollar|US$" target="_blank" >*220 million worldwide, an unprecedented amount for a political documentary; Sony reported first-day DVD sales of two million copies, again a new record for the genre. The film has grossed a further $99 million overseas.[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=fahrenheit911.htm

Content

The movie begins with accusations that friends and political allies of George W. Bush at Fox News Channel (including his cousin, John Ellis) tilted the election of 2000 by prematurely declaring Bush the winner of the election, defeating Vice President Al Gore. The movie points to Florida's voting irregularity as additional proof of election night fraud, and includes footage of protesting representatives in Congress being gaveled down by Gore himself in his capacity as president of the Senate.

The film continues by recounting parts of the pre-9/11 Bush presidency, alleging that Bush racked up a 42-percent vacation rate before September 11, 2001. The number comes from a Washington Post article that concludes Bush spent "a whopping 54 days at his Crawford ranch, 38 days at the presidential retreat at Camp David and four more at his parents' place in Kennebunkport, Maine.", a figure that some critics dispute as misleading . Many of the scenes also depict Bush playing golf with family, fishing, and feeding his dog, and other scenes show him being heckled by reporters over his alleged poor productivity during the time before September 11th. The credit reels show different members of the Bush administration, including Colin Powell, Paul Wolfowitz, and Condoleezza Rice and others prepping for cameras. Moore obtained footage of the preparation for the televised announcement of the Iraq war, where Bush "mugs" for the camera, seconds before uttering "My fellow citizens..."

The film then segues into the September 11th attacks, refraining to show any direct visual material, opting instead on a blank screen, and relying solely on sounds. When the film resumes showing footage, the footage is solely of the bystanders and survivors, with no direct images of the aircraft impacts or the World Trade Center towers.

The next scene is of Bush sitting in a Florida classroom, reading aloud a children's story called The Pet Goat, for seven minutes after being told there was a second airplane crash into the World Trade Center. The scene includes the actual footage of Bush being notified of the attack while Moore notes that "with nothing to do, and no one telling him what to do", Bush continued to sit in the classrooms during the attacks doing nothing for minutes.

The film then discusses the causes and aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks, including the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the U.S.-led occupation of Iraq. In the film, Moore also describes the links between the Bush family and associated persons, such as prominent Saudi Arabian families, including the Saudi royal family and the family of Osama bin Laden. The links form a relationship spanning three decades, supposedly worth $1.4 billion to the Bush family, friends, and associates.

Moore then examines the government-sponsored evacuation of relatives of Osama bin Laden after the attacks. One of his primary sources for these claims is the book House of Bush, House of Saud by Craig Unger, as well as Senator Byron Dorgan. Moore alleges that immediately after the attacks, all air traffic was grounded, yet persons at the "highest levels" of the U.S. government allowed specific flights to gather up members of the bin Laden family and allow them to leave the country.

Moore shows a Vietnam War–era document of George W. Bush's Air National Guard service record — first the censored copy produced by the White House, then an uncensored copy that Moore had obtained a few years earlier. The difference between the versions is that the White House blacked out the name of James R. Bath, a Guard friend of Bush's who went on to work as a financial agent for the Saudis and helped channel Saudi money to one of Bush's businesses. This redaction may have been due to HIPAA restrictions on the release of medical records, in this case the record showing Bath's suspension for not taking an exam. Moore's uncensored copy was from 2000, and the restrictions did not take effect until 2003. Moore contends that Bush's dry-hole oil well attempts were partially funded by the Saudis and, in fact, by bin Laden family money through the intermediary of Bath. Moore alleges that this, and other conflicts of interest including Bush involvement in the Carlyle Group, suggest that the Bush administration is not working in the best interests of Americans. The movie continues by suggesting ulterior motives for the war in Afghanistan, including a natural gas pipeline through Afghanistan.

Moore then shows television and documentary footage alleging that the Bush administration was "target(ing)" the American people with terrorism fears. This footage includes Fox News warnings of a "poison pen", people describing how to use a parachute to escape from tall buildings, numerous televised terror alerts, and other items. The movie then describes purported anti-terror efforts including government infiltration of pacifist groups and other events, and segues into a discussion of expanded government powers in the Patriot Act, including interviews with Representatives John Conyers and Jim McDermott.

The documentary then turns to the subject of the Iraq war, showing film footage of Iraq in 2003 before the invasion. The footage is generally positive in nature, depicting a wedding, happy Iraqi children playing, and other scenes from daily life. Bush's voice announcing the war is overlaid with these images, which quickly segue into images of explosions and violence as the U.S. invasion of Iraq commenced. The movie then shows graphic footage of injured and dead combatants and civilians interspersed with interviews with U.S. troops and other footage of anguished Iraqi civilians. The film also takes pains to demonstrate war cheerleading and general "bias" of journalists with quotes from news organizations and embedded journalists, including a quote from Neil Cavuto of Fox News: "Am I slanted and biased? You damn well bet I am!"

The film then shows Bush's moment of "Mission Accomplished" on board the USS Abraham Lincoln, followed by media reports of increased casualties and Bush's comment to "bring it on", along with footage and media reports of further casualties.

Like all other Moore films, Fahrenheit 9/11 featured extensive focus on the impact of the film's subject matter, in this case the Iraq War, on the town of Flint. In the economically hard-hit town, Moore explained that Flint's low-income neighborhoods were a prime target of military recruiters, and followed two Marine recruiters in uniform, during the course of actively recruiting young men for enlistment. The segment showed the techniques and minor flatteries by which they made personal contact with people, asking questions and making suggestions that interests such as music and basketball would be avenues available to pursue through the military. Staff Sgt. Raymond J. Plouhar, who was one of the recruiters, was killed in Iraq in June 2006.

The Flint segment also focused on a strong war supporter named Lila Lipscomb, who had a daughter in the 1991 Persian Gulf War and now had a son serving in Iraq. She praised the Army's active recruitment in the low-income town, saying enlistment was a good option for young people to get a start on life.

Moore then continues to note that since the war was "based on a lie", then atrocities will occur and shows footage from Abu Ghraib and possibly other sites depicting alleged U.S. abuse of prisoners. Moore continues with more footage of US troops and interviews about this subject and others.

Toward the end of the film, Moore also shows a business convention where numerous corporate representatives attend and hear a pitch about how much money companies can make through the conflict in Iraq.

Later in the film, Lipscomb reappears, this time in tears with her family, after hearing of the death of her son, Michael Pederson, who was killed on April 2, 2003, in Karbala. Anguished and tearful, she expressed questions about the war's purpose and how that came to take the life of her son. Toward the end of the film, Lipscomb was shown walking up to the security barrier surrounding the White House (she had invited Moore's crew to join her on a job conference to Washington, DC). She expressed her difficulty in coming to terms with the place and in realizing how the decisions made there would ultimately bring about the death of her son. As she talks with a protester in a tent, they are confronted by a woman who claims that the protester's exhibits are "all staged." Lipscomb asks her if her son's death was also staged.

Toward the end of the film, Moore accosts Congressmen on the sidewalk to give them United States armed forces pamphlets and to urge them to have their children enlist, essentially arguing that those who supported the war should be willing to sacrifice for it. Moore notes that none of them are willing to do so, as only one member of Congress has a child in Iraq.

Near the end, tying together several themes and points, Moore compliments those serving in the US military, "I've always been amazed that the very people forced to live in the worst parts of town, go to the worst schools, and who have it the hardest, are always the first to step up, to defend that very system. They serve so that we don't have to. They offer to give up their lives so that we can be free. It is remarkable — their gift to us. And all they ask for in return, is that we never send them into harm's way unless it's absolutely necessary. Will they ever trust us again?"

In the beginning of the documentary, Moore focuses on the 2000 election with footage of a hypothetical Gore victory and in the process states his opinion that the public was fooled. The film ends with a clip of George W. Bush stumbling through the saying: "There's an old saying in Tennessee — I know it's in Texas, it's probably in Tennessee — that says, fool me once, shame on — shame on you. You fool me you can't get fooled again." He was presumably trying to say, "Fool me once, shame on you. Fool me twice, shame on me." What he came up with combined part of that maxim with the title of The Who song "Won't Get Fooled Again." In the context of the film, Moore is tying the clip back to the beginning of the film to imply Moore's hope that the American public would not be "fooled again." After the clip, Moore is heard saying, "For once Mr. President, we agree with you."

The movie is dedicated to Moore's friend who was killed in the World Trade Center attacks on September 11, 2001, and to those servicemen and women from Flint, Michigan, who have been killed in Iraq. The film is also dedicated to "countless thousands" of civilian victims of war as a result of United States military activities in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Graphic content

The film contains numerous graphic clips of military and civilian casualties in the Iraq war, including dead and mutilated bodies, as well as footage of American soldiers deployed to Iraq who use music as a "Soundtrack to War". The film also shows US soldiers with amputations and nerve damage. One brief clip shows a public beheading filmed in Jidda, Saudi Arabia. By contrast, Moore refrained from using the familiar footage of the September 11 attacks, but instead presented a blank screen with only the sounds of the incident, then cut to reactions of onlookers of the attacks.

At the Cannes Film Festival

In April 2004 the film was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 57th Cannes Film Festival. After its first showing in Cannes in May 2004, the film received a 20-minute standing ovation, which Cannes artistic director Thierry Frémaux declared "the longest standing ovation in the history of the festival." According to French news the standing ovation was over 23 minutes long.

On May 22, 2004, the film was awarded the Palme d'Or. It was the first documentary to win that award since Jacques Cousteau and Louis Malle's The Silent World in 1956. Just like his much-publicized Oscar acceptance speech, Moore's speech in Cannes included some opinionated statements:

I can't begin to express my appreciation and my gratitude to the jury, the Festival, to Gilles Jacob, Frémaux, Bob and Harvey at Miramax, to all of the crew who worked on the film. I have a sneaking suspicion that what you have done here and the response from everyone at the festival, you will assure that the American people will see this film. I can't thank you enough for that. You've put a huge light on this and many people want the truth and many want to put it in the closet, just walk away. There was a great Republican president who once said, if you just give the people the truth, the Republicans, the Americans will be saved. [... I dedicate this Palme d'Or to my daughter, to the children of Americans and to Iraq and to all those in the world who suffer from our actions.

Some conservatives in the United States, such as Jon Alvarez of Patriotic Americans Boycotting Anti-American Hollywood (PABAAH), commented that such an award could be expected from "the French" (see Anti-Americanism, Anti-French sentiment in the United States); Moore responded: "There was only one French citizen on the jury. Four out of nine were American. * This is not a French award, it was given by an international jury dominated by Americans."

He also responded to claims that the award was political: "Quentin href="http://articles.gourt.com/en/Quentin Tarantino">Tarantino whispered in my ear, 'we want you to know that it was not the politics of your film that won you this award. We are not here to give a political award. Some of us have no politics. We awarded the art of cinema, that is what won you this award and we wanted you to know that as a fellow filmmaker.'"

In comments to the prize-winning jury in 2005, however, Cannes director Jacob said they should make their decision based on film-making rather than politics — a clear reference to Fahrenheit 9/11. He also said that, despite the fact that Moore's talent was "not in doubt," he had won the award "for political rather than cinematographic reasons, no matter what the jury said."

Film release and box office

On its opening weekend of June 25–June 27, this film generated box-office revenue of $23.9 million in the U.S. and Canada, making it the weekend's top-grossing film, despite having been screened in only 868 theaters (many of the weekend's other top movies played on over 2,500 screens). Its opening weekend earned more than the entire U.S. theatrical run of any other feature-length documentary (including Moore's previous film, Bowling for Columbine). The film was released in France on July 7, 2004 and in the UK on July 9, 2004.

During the weekend of July 24, 2004, the film passed the $100 million mark in box-office receipts, again an unprecedented amount for a feature-length political documentary.

Moore credited part of this success to the efforts of conservative groups to pressure theaters not to run the film, conjecturing that these efforts backfired by creating publicity. There were also efforts by liberal groups such as MoveOn.org to encourage attendance in order to defy their political opponents' contrary efforts.

Partly because of the success of the film, it was widely debated what effect it would have on Bush's chances of re-election. Despite Moore's energetic campaign in favor of Democratic challenger John Kerry, Bush was re-elected to a second term on November 2, 2004, albeit with a narrower margin of votes than any sitting US president in American history. Nonetheless, Bush's critics hoped that the success of the film was an indication of wide public support for more open debate on the Bush administration's policies. Furthermore, it was hoped that it would give heart to people who disagreed with Bush's policies, but felt their views were being marginalized.

On November 12, 2004, Moore announced his intention to produce a sequel to the film, to be entitled Fahrenheit 9/11½. In an interview with Daily Variety, he stated, "We want to get cameras rolling now and have it ready in two, three years. We want to document it. Fifty-one percent of the American people lacked information this election and we want to educate and enlighten them. They weren't told the truth. We're communicators and it's up to us to start doing it now. The official mourning period is over today and there is a silver lining — George W. Bush is prohibited by law from running presidency again."

Other countries

The film was a major success in most European countries. Critics found the film effective because it had managed to cause controversy in the US.

The film has been banned in Kuwait. In Lebanon, some student members of the group Hezbollah have asked if there was any way they could support the film. Gianluca Chacra, managing director of Front Row Entertainment, the Middle East distributor for Fahrenheit 9/11, has stated, “We can't go against these organizations, as they could strongly boycott the film in Lebanon and Syria. Having the support of such an entity in Lebanon is quite significant for that market and not at all controversial. I think it's quite natural." The film was also surprisingly screened in Iran, which has banned the showing of American motion pictures ever since the 1979 Islamic Revolution and Iranian hostage crisis which caused cut diplomatic relations between the two countries. According to FrontPage magazine, a conservative online magazine, many Iranians were not pleased with the documentary despite their government's urging for citizens to see the movie. The magazine spoke with many ordinary Iranian people, who criticized the movie for being overly anti-American and claimed that it was too "pessimistic" about the United States, much to the surprise of magazine readers.

In Cuba, bootlegged versions of the film were shown in 120 theaters, followed by a prime-time television broadcast by the leading state-run network. It had been widely reported that this might affect its Oscar eligibility. However, soon after that story had been published, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences issued a statement denying this, saying, "If it was pirated or stolen or unauthorized we would not blame the producer or distributor for that." In addition, Wild Bunch, the film's overseas distributor for Cuba, issued a statement denying a television deal had been struck with Cuban Television.

The issue was moot, however, as Moore decided to forego Oscar eligibility in favor of a DVD release of the film — reportedly because he felt that it was more important to spread his message as widely as possible amongst American voters than to win another award.

DVD release

Fahrenheit 9/11 was released to DVD and VHS on October 5, 2004, an unusually short turnaround time after theatrical release. Moore stated that he wanted to release the movie for home viewing prior to the 2004 U.S. presidential election, in order to maximize its political impact.

In the first days of the release, the documentary broke records for the best-sold documentary ever. About 2 million copies were sold on the first day. *

A companion book, The Official Fahrenheit 9/11 Reader, was released at the same time. It contains the complete screenplay, the sources for Moore's allegations, audience e-mails about the film, film reviews, articles and political cartoons pertaining to the film.

Post-release award competition

On September 6, 2004, Moore announced that, because he was seeking a television airing of Fahrenheit 9/11 prior to the November presidential election, the film would not be submitted for consideration for a Best Documentary Oscar (from which a broadcast within nine months of release would disqualify the film under Oscar rules). Moore planned instead to submit and promote his film for the Best Picture Oscar, commenting: "For me the real Oscar would be Bush's defeat on Nov. 2." Moore had previously won a Best Documentary Oscar for Bowling for Columbine and noted that in the current situation, the above priorities take precedence to winning a second Oscar and that he would prefer his fellow documentarians to have a chance to win the Oscar themselves. The film received no Oscar nominations when they were announced on January 25, 2005.

However, the film won other awards such as the People's Choice Award for Favorite Motion Picture, an unprecedented honor for a documentary.

The film also won four Razzies, not for its lack of quality but rather as a "joke" about the "actors". George W. Bush won Worst Actor, Bush with either Rice or "his pet goat" won Worst Screen Couple, Donald Rumsfeld won Worst Supporting Actor, and Rice and Britney Spears were both nominated for Worst Supporting Actress, with Spears winning the award.

Initial television presentations

The two-hour film was planned to be shown as part of the three-hour "The Michael Moore Pre-Election Special" on iN DEMAND, but iN DEMAND backed out in mid-October for "legitimate business and legal concerns." In a statement Michael Moore said he believes iN DEMAND decided not to air the film because of pressure from "top Republican people." Moore later arranged for simultaneous broadcasts on November 1st at 8:00 p.m. (EST) on DISH Network, TVN and the Cinema Now website.

The movie was also shown on basic cable television in Germany and Austria on November 1, 2004 and November 2, 2004. This is especially curious as it has neither been released on DVD officially in Germany yet, nor was it shown on premium channels.

In the UK, the film was shown on Channel 4 on January 27, 2005. In Denmark, it was shown on Danmarks Radio (normally referred to as just DR), which is Denmark's national broadcasting corporation, on April 11, 2006.

Piracy

The anti-Moore site MooreWatch posted a link to a BitTorrent file containing a version of the movie taped at a cinema. The distributors expressed unhappiness and suggested potential legal action, but according to the Sunday Herald, Moore's own response was, "I don't have a problem with people downloading the movie and sharing it with people as long as they're not trying to make a profit off my labor". Moore had expressed similar sentiments before the film's theatric release.

References

  • Unger, Craig. (2004). House of Bush, House of Saud: The Secret Relationship Between the World's Two Most Powerful Dynasties. Scribner. ISBN 074325337X.
  • http://www.houseofbush.com Website accompanying the book House of Bush, House of Saud.

See also

External links

2004 films | Anti-war films | Banned documentaries | Documentary films | Films directed by Michael Moore | Independent films | Palme d'Or winners | Political films | United States presidential election, 2004

Fahrenheit 9/11 | Fahrenheit 9/11 | Fahrenheit 9/11 | Fahrenheit 9/11 | Fahrenheit 9/11 | 화씨 9/11 | Fahrenheit 9/11 | Fahrenheit 9/11 | 華氏911 | Fahrenheit 9.11 | Fahrenheit 9/11 | Fahrenheit 9/11 | Fahrenheit 9/11

 

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the "Fahrenheit 9/11".

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