History and structure

The new court was the result of the ratification of Protocol 11, an amendment to the Convention, which was ratified in October 1997. Judges were subsequently elected by the Council of Europe, and the court was opened approximately one year later.

The court consists of a number of judges equal to the number of Council of Europe member states, which currently stand at forty-six. Despite this correspondence, however, there are no requirements that each state be represented on the court, nor are there limits to the number of judges belonging to any nationality. Judges are assumed to be impartial arbiters, rather than representatives of any nation.

The court is divided into four "Sections", each of which consists of a geographic and gender-balanced selection of justices. The entire court elects a President and four Section Presidents, two of whom also serve as Vice-Presidents of the court. All terms last for three years. Each section selects a Chamber, which consists of the Section President and a rotating selection of six other justices. The court also maintains a 17-member Grand Chamber, which consists of the President, Vice-Presidents, and Section Presidents, in addition to a rotating selection of justices from one of two balanced groups. The selection of judges alternates between the groups every nine months.

Complaints of violations by member states are filed in Strasbourg, and are assigned to a Section. Each complaint is first heard by a committee of three judges, which may unanimously vote to strike any complaint without further examination. Once past committee, the complaint is heard and decided by a full Chamber. Decisions of great importance may be appealed to the Grand Chamber. Any decisions of the court are binding on the member states.

It is the role of the Committee of Ministers to supervise the execution of court judgements, though they have no formal means of forcing member countries to comply. However, the ultimate sanction of non-compliance is expulsion from the Council of Europe and thus becoming a 'pariah' state within Europe. Furthermore, the European Union takes a keen interest in the Convention and Court (and its jurisprudence) so would not look kindly upon any EU member state that did not fulfill its Convention obligations.

Judges

1. Mr Luzius Wildhaber, President (Swiss)

   On 27 June 2006, Giorgio Malinverni was elected to replace Luzius Wildhaber.

2. Mr Christos Rozakis, Vice-President (Greek)
3. Mr Jean-Paul Costa, Vice-President (French)
4. Sir Nicolas Bratza, Section President (British)
5. Mr Boštjan Zupančič, Section President (Slovenian)
6. Mr Peer Lorenzen, Section President (Danish)
7. Mr Giovanni Bonello (Maltese)
8. Mr Lucius Caflisch (Swiss; elected as the judge in respect of Liechtenstein)
9. Mr Loukis Loucaides (Cypriot)
10. Mr Ireneu Cabral Barreto (Portuguese)
11. Mr Riza Türmen (Turkish)
12. Mrs Françoise Tulkens (Belgian)
13. Mr Corneliu Bîrsan (Romanian)
14. Mr Karel Jungwiert (Czech)
15. Mr Volodymyr Butkevych (Ukrainian)
16. Mr Josep Casadevall (Andorran)
17. Mrs Nina Vajić (Croatian)
18. Mr John Hedigan (Irish)
19. Mr Matti Pellonpää (Finnish)
20. Mrs Margarita Tsatsa-Nikolovska (citizen of “The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”)
21. Mr András Baka (Hungarian)
22. Mr Rait Maruste (Estonian)
23. Mr Kristaq Traja (Albanian)
24. Mrs Snejana Botoucharova (Bulgarian)
25. Mr Mindia Ugrekhelidze (Georgian)
26. Mr Anatoly Kovler (Russian)
27. Mr Vladimiro Zagrebelsky (Italian)
28. Mrs Antonella Mularoni (San Marinese)
29. Mrs Elisabeth Steiner (Austrian)
30. Mr Stanislav Pavlovschi (Moldovan)
31. Mr Lech Garlicki (Polish)
32. Mr Javier Borrego Borrego (Spanish)
33. Mrs Elisabet Fura-Sandström (Swedish)
34. Mrs Alvina Gyulumyan (Armenian)
35. Mr Khanlar Hajiyev (Azerbaijani)
36. Mrs Ljiljana Mijović (Citizen Of Bosnia And Herzegovina)
37. Mr Dean Spielmann (Luxemburger)
38. Mrs Renate Jaeger (German)
39. Mr Egbert Myjer (Dutch)
40. Mr Sverre Erik Jebens (Norwegian)
41. Mr Davið Þór Björgvinsson (Icelandic)
42. Mrs Danutė Jočienė (Lithuanian)
43. Mr Ján Šikuta (Slovakian)
44. Mr Dragoljub Popović (Citizen of Serbia and Montenegro)
45. Mrs Ineta Ziemele (Latvian)
46. Mr Erik Fribergh, Registrar (Swedish)
47. Mr Michael O’Boyle, Deputy Registrar (Irish)

The seat of judge in respect of Monaco is currently vacant.

Reform

Working on the principle that 'justice delayed is justice denied', the Council of Europe set up a working party to consider ways of improving the efficiency of the Court. This resulted in an amendment to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Protocol 14. This new protocol, which requires universal ratification by all Council of Europe member states to come into force, makes a number of changes:

• A single judge can decide on a case's admissibility. Before, three judges decided.
• Where cases are broadly similar to ones brought previously before the Court, and are essentially due to a member state failing to change their domestic law to correct a failing highlighted by that previous judgement, the case can be decided by three judges rather than the seven-judge Chamber.
• A case may not be admissible if it is considered that the applicant has not suffered 'significant disadvantage'. However, this is not a 'hard and fast' rule.
• A member state can be brought before the court by the Committee of Ministers if that state refuses to enforce a judgment against it.
• The Committee of Ministers can ask the Court for an 'interpretation' of a judgement to help determine the best way for a member state to comply with it.

Amnesty International has expressed concern that these changes to the admissibility criteria will mean individuals may lose the ability to 'gain redress for human rights violations'European Court on Human Rights: Imminent reforms must not obstruct individuals' redress for human rights violations by Amnesty International News Service No: 120 11 May 2004

Notable cases

In 1980, the court ruled out the foetal right to sue the mother carrying the foetus. In Paton v. United Kingdom, it was discovered that the life of foetus is "intimately connected with, and cannot be regarded in isolation from, the life of the pregnant woman".

In December 1977, the court ruled that the government of the United Kingdom was guilty of "inhuman and degrading treatment", of men interned without trial, by the court, following a case brought by the Republic of Ireland (Case No. 5310/71). The court found that while their internment was a violation of the convention rights, it was justifiable in the circumstances; it however ruled that the practice of the five techniques and the practice of beating prisoners constituted inhumane and degrading punishment in violation of the convention, although not torture. Legally, Ireland v. United Kingdom is notable since the British government had already publicly admitted and promised to refrain from all the violations the court found it guilty of. The UK tried to argue that having done so, the Irish litigation was pointless, relying on principles of international law accepted by the ICJ; however, the ECHR held that even though the UK had already made these admissions and undertakings, the case could still be considered, since ruling on it would serve the purposes of the development of Convention law.Search ECHR data base "In the case of Ireland v. the United Kingdom" (No. 5310/71)

Other cases

• Dudgeon v. United Kingdom: sodomy and the right to privacy
• McLibel case: legal aid in libel cases
• Murray v. United Kingdom: anti-terrorism laws
• John Murray v. United Kingdom: right to silence
• Funke v. France: right to a fair trial
• List of LGBT-related cases
• Alexei Mikheyev v. Russia: $300,000 compensation for police brutality

Architecture

See also

• Human rights in Europe

Notes