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The Mirage 2000 is a French-built multirole fighter jet manufactured by Dassault Aviation.

Development and History

The Mirage 2000 was developed by Dassault-Breguet for the Armée de l'Air as an alternative to the swing-wing Avion de Combat Futur. The latter was cancelled in 1975 due to its growing cost and complexity, so Dassault offered the Mirage 2000 as an alternative. Development of this aircraft would also give the company a suitable competitor to the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, which had defeated the Dassault Mirage F1 in a contest for a new fighter for the air forces of Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands and Norway.

Despite of some obstacles like radar development, Marcel Dassault felt that a prototype could fly in a year and a half, with operational introduction in 1982. Still the program was slightly deplayed. The initial flight of the first prototype took place on March 10, 1978 with Jean Coreau at the controls. The first production example flew on November 20, 1982 and operational service was finally attained in 1984.

Characteristics

Using only the basic concept of the delta interceptor previously seen on the classic Mirage III, Dassault built a totally new design. Using the delta wing configuration seemed like a backward step as it tends to be poor choice in maneuverability, low-altitude flight, and length of take-off and landing run.But Delta wing had its own Advantages in terms of high-speed flight characteristics, simplicity of aircraft construction, relatively low radar signature, and internal volume

Design Features

  • Low-set thin delta wing with cambered section, 58 degrees leading-edge sweep and moderately blended root; area ruled carrying four air-to-air missiles.
  • Aircrafts Center of lift was moved to front of its Center of gravity, giving the fighter a degree of instability which enhanced maneuverability.
  • A runway arresting hook or fairing for a brake parachute could be fitted under the tail.The landing roll was reduced by robust carbon brakes. The backward retracting steerable nose gear featured dual wheels, while the main gear featured single wheels and retracted inward into the wings.
  • An airbrake was fitted on top of each wing, with the arrangement very similar to that of the Mirage III. A noticeably taller tailfin allowed the pilot to retain control at higher angles of attack, assisted by small strakes mounted along each air intake.

Structure

Multi-spar metal wing; elevons have carbonfibre skins with AG5 light alloy honeycomb cores; carbonfibre/light alloy honeycomb panel covers avionics bay; most of fin and all rudder skinned with boron/epoxy/carbon; rudder has light alloy honeycomb core.

Flight Control System

The aircraft flew with a redundant fly-by-wire automatic flight control system, providing high-level of agility and easier handling.

Landing Gear

Retractable tricycle type by Messier-Bugatti, with twin nosewheels; single wheel on each main unit. Hydraulic retraction, nosewheels rearward, main units inward. Oleo-pneumatic shock absorbers. Electrohydraulic nosewheel steering (+/-45 degrees). Manual disconnect permits nosewheel unit to castor through 360 degrees for ground towing.

Cockpit

Fighter is available as a single-seater or two-seater multi-role fighter. The aircraft has hands-on throttle and stick (HOTAS) control.The pilot sat on an SEMB Mark 10 zero-zero ejection seat, a license-built version of the British Martin-Baker Mark 10. The instrument panel is dominated by Heads Up Display (HUD) with the VMC 180 radar screen located centrally somewhat below it.To the lower left is a stores management panel. Above the stores management panel are the navigation instruments and altimeter. The right half of the instrument panel houses the engine and systems displays. Located on the left side of the cockpit, just ahead of the throttle are controls for the communications equipment including the Have Quick secure radio

Avionics

Standard Avionics for Mirage-2000 C/D include
  • Sagem ULISS 52 inertial navigation system (INS), TRT radio altimeter.
  • Sextant TMV-980 data display system (VE-130 head-up and VMC-180 head-down) (two head-down in 2000N/D).The combined head-up/head-level display is collimated at infinity, and presents data relating to flight control, navigation, target engagement and weapon firing. Sensor and system management data is presented on two coloured lateral displays.
  • Dassault Electronique Type 2084 central digital computer, Digibus digital databus (2084 XR in 2000D) and Sextant Avionique Type 90 air data computer
  • LMT NRAI-7A IFF transponder,IO-300-A marker beacon receiver,TRT ERA 7000 V/UHF com transceiver,TRT ERA 7200 UHF or EAS secure voice com.

Radar
  • Thomson-CSF RDM multi-mode radar or Dassault Electronique/Thomson-CSF RDI pulse Doppler radar for Mirage 2000 C/D, each with operating range of 54 nm (100 km; 62 miles).
  • Dassault/Thales Antilope 5 Radar with Terrain Avoidance capability for Mirage 2000N, Nuclear Strike variant.
  • The Thales multimode RDY (Radar Doppler Multitarget) developed for Mirage 2000-5.

Countermeasures
  • Thales Serval Radar warning receiver (RWR) with antennas on the wingtips and on the rear of the top of the tailfin,
  • Dassault Sabre RF jammer in a pod below the bottom of the tailfin, and with an antenna in a fairing on the front of the tailfin.
  • Dassault Eclair dispenser system under the tail. This was eventually replaced by the Matra Spirale dispenser, with a capacity of 112 cartridges. One is fitted on an extension behind the rear of each wingroot, giving a total capacity of 224 cartridges.

Engines

Mirage 2000 is equipped with an SNECMA M53-P2 turbofan engine, which provides 64kN thrust and 98kN with afterburn. The air intakes are fitted with an adjustable half-cone-shaped centre body, which provides an inclined shock of air pressure for highly efficient air input.Total internal fuel capacity is 3978 litres in Mirage 2000C and E, 3904 litres in Mirage 2000B, N, D and S. There is also provision for a jettisonable fuel (1300 litres) tank under center of fuselage and 1700 litre Drop Tank under each wing.

Armament and Payload

Mirage 2000 could carry up to 6.3 tonnes (13,900 pounds) of stores on nine pylons, with two pylons on each wing and five under the fuselage.A fixed removeable refueling probe could be attached in front of the cockpit, offset to the right.
Primary Armament of Mirage-2000 as an Interceptor Role include:
  • Matra Super 530 medium-range semi-active radar-guided air to air missile on the inboard wing pylons
  • Matra Magic short-range infrared-seeking AAM on the outboard wing pylons.
  • The Mirage 2000C could carry other air to ground stores such as Matra 68-millimeter rocket pods,iron bombs, cluster bombs.
Built-in armament consisted of twin DEFA 554 (now GIAT 30-550 F4) 30 millimeter revolver-type cannon with 125 rounds each.The cannon had selectable fire rates of 1,200 or 1,800 rounds per minute

Variants

Mirage 2000C

The first Mirage 2000 to go into service was the single-seat Mirage 2000C interceptor. There were four single-seat prototypes, including the initial Mirage 2000 prototype. The first production Mirage 2000C flew in November 1982.Deliveries Began in 1983. The first operational squadron was formed in 1984, the 50th anniversary of the French Armee de l'Air (AdA). A total of 124 Mirage-2000Cs were obtained by AdA.

The First 37 Mirage-2000Cs delivered were fitted with Thompson-CSF RDM (Radar Doppler Multifunction) and was powered by SNECMA M53-5 turbofan Engine. The 38th Mirage-2000C had an Upgraded SNECMA M53-5 P2 turbofan engine. Radar Doppler Impulse (RDI) built by Thales did not enter Service untill 1987.

Latest Upgrades Include:

  • NTCR(Non-Cooperative Target Recognition) mode in RDI Radar allows identification of airborne targets not responding on IFF.

  • Integration with the new Matra MICA (Missile d'Interception, de Combat et d'Autodefense) IR Heat Seeking Missile. The Radar guided version of Mitra will not be able to support Earlier versions of Mirage-2000.
Mirage 2000B is two-seat operational conversion trainer variant which performed its initial flight on 11 October 1980. AdA acquired 30 Mirage 2000Bs, with all three of the AdA fighter wings obtaining a few Mirage 2000Bs for conversion training.

Mirage 2000N

Mirage-2000N is the Nuclear Strike Variant which was intended to carry Aerospatiale Air-Sol Moyenne Portee (ASMP) Nuclear stand-off missile. Initial Flight tests of two prototypes began on 3 February 1983.Entered Operational Service in 1988. A Total of 75 were built.

The Fighter had strengthened wings for low altitude operation, as well as low-level precision navigation-attack systems, built around the Dassault / Thales Antilope 5 radar, designed for the strike role and with terrain-avoidance capability.

The ASMP Missile is 5.38 meter long, kerosene-powered ramjet allows to Cruise at Mach 3 to a Maximum Range of 100km Carrying a Nuclear warhead of yield 300 KT.

Upgrades:

  • The existing kit was enhanced to provide an electronic intelligence (ELINT) capability, allowing the aircraft to record data on adversary emitters for post-flight intelligence analysis.

  • A SAT Samir "Detecteur de Depart Missile (DDM)" missile-warning system was also added, being attached to the back of the Magic AAM pylons.

  • Future Updgrades include addition of Pod Reco NG (Pod de Reconnaissance Nouvelle Generation) to provide provide digital reconnaissance capabilities, with both day and night imagers; a digital data recorder system; and a datalink to provide real-time relay of imagery to battlefield commanders. It is being developed by Thales for service introducted in 2006.

Aircraft with the updated countermeasures system and capable of carrying both the ASMP-A missile and the Ped Reco NG will be redesignated "Mirage 2000-K3"

Mirage 2000D

Mirage 2000D is dedicated to coventional attack developed from Mirage 2000N Initial flight of the Mirage 2000D prototype, a modified Mirage 2000N prototype, was on 19 February 1991.That led to first flight of a production aircraft 31 March 1993 and introduction to service in April 1995. Total of 86 were built.

Features:

  • NVG Compatible Cockpit with improved HOTAS (hands on throttle and stick) controls.

  • Modernized navigation system with GPS Capability.

  • An updated ICMS 2 countermeasures system, with Serval RWR, Chameleon jammer, and Spirale dispensers.
Armaments Inlude:

  • All Major Dumb munitions such as Iron bombs,cluster bombs, rocket pods, cannon pods.

  • Laser-guided weapons such as the AS-30L missile or French and US LGBs, with the munitions directed by a ATLIS II or improved optical-infrared PDLCT and high-resolution PDLCTS targeting pods.

  • Armat Antiradar Missile
  • Optional Carriage and Targeting of Exocet Missile.

Upgrades:The first upgraded Mirage 2000D-R2 machine was delivered in 2001.It featured an enhanced countermeasures suite, noticeably featuring twin 24-shot flare dispensers on each side of the spine at the front of the tailfin.
Further enhancements are being implemented for carriage of the Apache and SCALP-EG cruise missiles, as well as carriage of the new low-cost AASM family of modular precision guided bombs.The AdA would also like to add a Link-16 Multifunction Information Distribution System (MIDS) datalink and a SATURN (Second-generation Anti-Jam Tactical UHF Radio for NATO) encrypted radio.

Mirage 2000-5

By late 1980s Mirage 2000 was beginning to age relative to the latest models of US F-16 fighters.So Thompson-CSF began work on a privately-funded update of the Mirage 2000C which was to be names as Mirage 2000-5. A two-seat Mirage 2000B prototype was extensively modified as the first Mirage 2000-5 prototype, first flying on 24 October 1990 . A Mirage 2000C prototype was then reworked to a similar standard, performing its initial flight on 27 April 1991.


Features:

  • The Thales multimode RDY (Radar Doppler Multitarget). The RDY radar is the heart of the upgrade, providing true multitarget tracking. can simultaneously detect up to 24 targets and track the eight highest priority threats while guiding four MICA EMs to different targets simultaneously.

  • The updated ICMS 2 countermeasures suite, along with the Samir DDM missile warning system.ICMS 2 incorporates a receiver and associated signal processing system in the nose for detection of hostile missile command data links. The aircraft’s self protection equipment can be interfaced to a new programmable mission planning and post mission analysis ground system.

  • A new glass cockpit layout borrowed from the Rafale program with three color MFDs, a dual linked wide-angle HUD / head-level display, and HOTAS controls. The cockpit is of course NVG compatible.
  • Targeting Systems included Thales TV/CT CLDP laser designation pod which provides the capability to fire laser-guided weapons by day and night.

  • A two-seater version was developed as well. The back-seater has the HUD but not the associated head-level display, and as with first-generation two-seaters, there are no built-in cannon though cannon pods can be carried.
  • The Mirage 2000-5 can also carry the oversized drop tanks developed for the Mirage 2000N, greatly extending range

In 1993 the AdA decided to upgrade 37 of their existing Mirage 2000s to 2000-5 specification as a stopgap before the arrival of the Rafale in AdA service.The upgraded aircraft were redesignated Mirage 2000-5F, and became operational in 2000.They retained the old countermeasures system with the Serval/Sabre/Spirale units and did not receive the ICMS 2 system.
The AdA is now considering upgrades for the type, including the MIDS datalink, MICA IR support, and the Thales Topsight helmet-mounted display / sighting system.

Mirage 2000-5 Mark 2
Dassault extended the improvements of the Mirage 2000-5 a bit further with the Mirage 2000-5 Mark 2, which is an enhanced, fully multirole version of the Mirage 2000-5.
Features:

  • Thales RDY-2 radar. The RDY-2 radar is similar in configuration to the original RDY, but features two new air-to-ground modes, including a high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging mode with a moving target indicator (MTI) capability to provide an all-weather, day/night targeting capability. The radar features low probability of intercept (LPI) operation, with the output pattern varying in a seemingly random pattern that prevents an adversary RWR from recognizing that it has been targeted.
  • The high-power Modular Data Processing Unit (MDPU) designed for the Rafale.

  • A new Thales Totem 3000 INS with ring-laser gyros and GPS capability, providing much greater accuracy, higher reliability, and shorter alignment time replacing the older ULISS 52 system. It works in conjunction with a terrain-following system.

  • An improved, classified ICMS 3 digital countermeasures suite.

  • An on-board oxygen generation system (OBOGS).

  • The cockpit was updated as well, with the same general layout but with larger color displays and other modernizations. The Thales Topsight helmet-mounted display / sighting system is offered as an option.

  • The Mirage 2000-5 Mark 2 includes a datalink for the targeting of MICA ER missiles and can carry the Damocles targeting pod.

  • Future Upgrades: Thales AIDA visual identification pod, technology used in rafale will be also integrated with Mirage 2000, which includes infrared and optical sensors for IFF and targeting. It will be used by AdA Mirage 2000-5Fs. Further development of the second-generation type is expected to include a GPS receiver, MIDS datalink, and unspecified long-range sensors.

=Topsight E helmet-mounted sight
= Topsight E displays critical information, protects the pilot, and provides communications. In the display of critical information, Topsight E has three main functions:

  • Visual target designation:by transmitting the target’s line of sight to the nav/attack system. Used with modern missiles, Topsight allows pilots to perform wide off-boresight target designation.

  • Visual target acquisition:using reverse cueing mode where the display symbology guides the pilot’s eyes to the target tracked by the aircraft sensors. The nav/attack system provides spatial data.

  • Situational awareness—based on concise display of vital information (tactical, navigation, safety, etc).
Topsight E has four integrated operational modes:

  • Navigation is based on ring laser gyro INS with embedded GPS receiver.

  • Air-to-air weapon delivery includes guns, rockets and high- and low-drag bombs using continuous computation of impact point (CCIP) and continuous computation of release point (CCRP).

  • Training includes failure simulations, as well as target and threat simulations.
  • The Topflight avionics suite features a full glass cockpit and HOTAS control, plus a range of avionics, linked to a 1553 multiplex bus.

Mirage 2000E

Mirage 2000E was a blanket designation for a series of export variants of the Mirage 2000. These aircraft were fitted the M53-P2 engine and an enhanced "RDM+" radar, and all can carry the day-only ATLIS II laser targeting pod.

Mirage-2000M (Egypt)
  • Egypt was the first buyer, ordering 16 single-seat Mirage 2000M and four Mirage 2000BM trainers in late 1981, with deliveries beginning in 1986. The Egyptians also purchased ATLIS II pods and a wide range of appropriate munitions including Magic and Super 530 AAMs, AS-30L laser-guided ASMs, and Armat anti-radiation missiles.

Mirage-2000H (India)
India is a major user of the Mirage 2000, aquired a total of 49 IAF Mirages, including 42 single-seaters and 7 two-seaters. The IAF named the Mirage Vajra (Thunderbolt). India also purchased appropriate stores along with the fighters, including ATLIS II pods and laser-guided weapons.

  • The first part of an initial batch of 26 single-seaters and 4 two-seaters was shipped to the Indian Air Force (IAF) beginning in 1985 with the older M53-5 engines, since India wanted to aquire the fighter as soon as possible. These aircraft were given the designations of Mirage 2000H5 and Mirage 2000TH5.

  • The second part of this initial batch consisted of ten more single-seaters with the M53-P2 engine, with these aircraft designated Mirage 2000H. All the first batch was reengined with the M53-P2 over time, with the single-seaters redesignated "Mirage 2000H" and the two-seaters redesignated Mirage 2000TH.

  • A second batch of six Mirage 2000H single-seaters and three Mirage 2000TH two-seaters was shipped in 1987-1988.
Recent orders:

  • In 2004, the Indian government approved purchase of ten more Mirage 2000Hs, with these machines featuring improved avionics, particularly an upgraded RDM-7 radar.

  • Mirage 2000-5 was the frontrunner for Indian Airforce 124+ Fighter Deal competed by MiG-35, F-16, and Gripen. This was one of the Largest Military Aviation deals of the decade. Unfortunately Dassault announced that Mirage 2000 is replaced by Rafale as the contender for the deal.

Mirage 2000P (Peru)
  • Peru placed an order that, after some complications, amounted to ten single-seat Mirage 2000Ps and two Mirage 2000DP trainers. The Peruvians ordered a set of munitions similar to that ordered by Egypt, along with ATLIS II targeting pods.

Mirage 2000-5EI (Taiwan)
In 1992, the Taiwanese Air Force ordered 48 single-seat Mirage 2000-5EIs and 12 Mirage 2000-5DI trainers, with introduction of the first squadron in 1997 and the last fighters delivered in 1999. The Taiwanese ordered a set of ASTAC electronic intelligence (ELINT) pods for their Mirages.

Mirage 2000-5EDA (Qatar)
In 1994, Qatar ordered nine single-seat Mirage 2000-5EDAs and three Mirage 2000-5DDA trainers, with initial deliveries starting in 1997.

Mirage 2000EAD/RAD (UAE)
  • In 1983, UAE purchased 22 single-seat Mirage 2000EADs, 8 unique single-seat reconnaissance variants designated the "Mirage 2000RAD"; and 6 "Mirage 2000DAD" trainers, for a total order of 36 machines. The order specified an Italian-made defensive avionics suite that delayed delivery of the first of these aircraft until 1989.

  • The "Mirage 2000RAD" reconnaissance variant does not have any built-in cameras or sensors, and the aircraft can still be operated in air combat or strike roles. The reconnaissance systems are implemented in pods, including the Thales SLAR 2000 radar pod,Dassault COR2 multi-camera pod with visible and infrared imaging capability and the Dassault AA-3-38 HAROLD telescopic long-range optical camera pod. UAE is the only nation operating such a specialized reconnaissance variant of the Mirage 2000 at this time.

=Mirage 2000-9
= Mirage 2000-9 was the export variant of Mirage 2000-5mk2
  • UAE was the launch customer, ordering 32 new-build aircraft, including 20 single-seaters as the Mirage 2000-9 and 12 two-seaters as the Mirage 2000-9D.Initial deliveries of the UAE Mirages were in the spring of 2003. 30 of Abu Dhabi's older Mirage 2000s will also be upgraded to Mirage 2000-9 capability.

  • The UAE Mirage 2000-9s are well-equipped for the strike mission, since they are being provided with the Shehab laser targeting pod, a variant of the Damocles, and the Nahar navigation pod, complementing the air-to-ground modes of the RDY-2 radar. They featured a classified countermeasures system designated "IMEWS" comparable to ICMS 3. The UAE is also obtaining the "Black Shahin" cruise missile, which is basically a variant of the Apache.

Mirage 2000EG (Greece)
  • Beginning in March 1985, the Greeks ordered 36 single-seat "Mirage 2000EGs" and 4 "Mirage 2000BG" two-seat trainers.
  • They featured an ICMS 1 defensive countermeasures suite, which was an updated version of the standard Mirage 2000C countermeasures suite, characterized by two small antennas near the top of the tailfin. These Mirage 2000s were later modified in the field to carry the Aerospatiale AM39 Exocet antiship missile.

  • In 2000, Greece ordered a batch of 25 Mirage 2000-5 Mark 2 fighters. The order included 15 new-build aircraft and 10 upgrades from existing Greek Mirage 2000EGs, with aircraft featuring the SATURN secure radio. Apparently the Greek order does not include any upgrades of two-seaters.

Mirage 2000 BR (Brazil)
  • Dassault is competing for a Brazilian deal with the Mirage 2000 BR, another variant of the Mirage 2000-9,though due to Brazilian budget problems the competition has dragged on for years.
  • In July 2005, Brazil agreed to purchase 12 ex-AdA Mirage 2000C aircraft.

Service

List of users and variants

France:315
  • 124 Mirage 2000C single-seat fighter.
  • 30 Mirage 2000B two-seater with Mirage 2000C kit.
  • 75 Mirage 2000N two-seat nuclear strike variant.
  • 86 Mirage 2000D two-seat conventional strike variant.
  • (37 Mirage 2000C updated to gen-2 Mirage 2000-5F spec)
India:69
  • 52 Mirage 2000H, comparable to Mirage 2000C.
  • 7 Mirage 2000TH two-seat trainer.
  • 10 Mirage 2000D two seat conventional strike variant.
  • (May also purchase 12 Mirage 2000-5 from Qatar)
UAE:68
  • 22 Mirage 2000EAD single-seat multirole fighter.
  • 8 Mirage 2000RAD unique reconnaissance variant.
  • 6 Mirage 2000DAD two-seat trainer.
  • 20 Mirage 2000-9 single-seaters.
  • 12 Mirage 2000-9D two-seat trainers.
Taiwan:60
  • 48 Mirage 2000-5EI, similar to Mirage 2000-5.
  • 12 Mirage 2000-5DI, similar to Mirage 2000-5D.
Greece:55
  • 36 Mirage 2000EG, similar to Mirage 2000C.
  • 4 Mirage 2000DG two-seat trainer.
  • 15 Mirage 2000-5 Mk 2 multirole fighter.
Egypt:20
  • 16 Mirage 2000EM, similar to Mirage 2000C.
  • 4 Mirage 2000BM two-seat trainer.
Qatar:12
  • 9 Mirage 2000-5EDA single seat fighter.
  • 3 Mirage 2000-5DDA two-seat trainer.
Peru:12
  • 10 Mirage 2000EP single-seat multirole fighter.
  • 2 Mirage 2000DP two-seat trainer.

  • In July 2005,Brazil agreed to purchase 12 AdA Mirage 2000C aircraft.

Combat Service

  • French Mirage 2000s saw operational use during the Gulf War, though apparently they did not see much actual combat action. UAE Mirages also flew in the Gulf War , but saw little or no action.

  • French Mirage 2000s have been prominent participants in UN and NATO air operations over the former Yugoslavia, with one aircraft shot down over Bosnia by a heat-seeking surface-to-air missile in 1996, prompting efforts to obtain improved defensive systems.

  • AdA Mirage 2000Ds served in the intervention in Afghanistan in 2001-2002, operating in close conjunction with international forces and performing precision attacks with LGBs.

Kargil war, 1999
  • India has assigned the nuclear strike role to their Mirage 2000s. In 1999 when the Kargil conflict broke out, as all the russian aircraft in the IAF (MiG-21,MiG-23,MiG-27 and MiG17) were having problems operating at high altitudes or were vunerable to enemy MANPADs, the Mirage 2000 proved ideal for such high altitude bombing.

  • The Mirage 2000 performed superbly during the whole conflict, even though Mirages supplied to India had limited land attack capability, and had to be heavily modified to drop dumb and laser guided bombs.

  • The two Mirage squadrons flew a total of 515 sorties and in 240 strike missions dropped 55,000 kg of ordnance.

  • Easy maintainence and a very high sortie rate (compared to the russian fighters in service with the IAF) made the Mirage 2000 the most efficient fighter of the Indian Air Force in the conflict.

Future

The Mirage 2000 is scheduled to be replaced by the Dassault Rafale, which is becoming operational in the French Air Force as of this date (2005).

Specifications

Images

Image:Mirage 2000c 2.jpg|A French Mirage 2000 Image:Mirage 2000 of French Air Force (reg. 362), static display, Radom AirShow 2005, Poland.jpg|Mirage 2000 of French Air Force at Radom Air Show 2005 Image:Dassault Mirage 2000.jpg| An Indian Airforce Mirage 2000H

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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the "Dassault-Breguet Mirage 2000".

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