Dartmouth College

Dartmouth College is a private academic institution in Hanover, New Hampshire, in the United States. It is a member of the Ivy League and is one of the nine colonial colleges founded before the American Revolution. Founded in 1769 by Eleazar Wheelock, with funds partially raised by the efforts of a Native American preacher named Samson Occom, it is the ninth-oldest college in the United States and the seventh-wealthiest in terms of funds per-student. In addition to its liberal arts undergraduate program, Dartmouth has medical, engineering, and business schools, as well as 18 graduate programs in the arts and sciences; hence it would tend to be called a university in standard American usage. For the sake of tradition- in part stemming from the legacy of the landmark Dartmouth College Case - and in order to emphasize the central importance it gives to undergraduate education, however, it refers to itself as a college. With a total enrollment of 5,744, Dartmouth is the smallest school in the Ivy League. It is incorporated as Trustees of Dartmouth College.

In 2005 Booz Allen Hamilton selected Dartmouth College as one of the "World's Ten Most Enduring Institutions," recognizing its ability to overcome crises that threatened its survival (most famously Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward).^* Dartmouth alumni are famously involved in their college, from Daniel Webster to the many donors in the 19th and 20th centuries. Over many generations, Dartmouth has had one of the highest alumni donor participation rates.

History

Dartmouth was made the ninth and final colonial college when it was given a royal charter by King George III in 1769, mostly as a result of the efforts of Eleazar Wheelock, a Puritan minister, and his patron, Royal Governor John Wentworth.

Dartmouth's original purpose was to provide for the Christianization, instruction, and education of "Youth of the Indian Tribes in this Land...and also of English Youth and any others." Ministers Nathaniel Whittaker and Samson Occom (an early Native American clergyman) raised funds for the college in England through an English trust among whose benefactors and trustees were prominent English statemen, including King George III's Secretary of State for the Colonies in North America, William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth, for whom Dartmouth College is named. The fundraising was meant to support Wheelock's ongoing Connecticut institution of the 1740s, Moor's Indian Charity School (chartered 1754), but Wheelock instead applied the funds to the establishment of Dartmouth College, the ninth and last colonial college. Classes began in 1770 and the College granted its first degrees in 1771. Dejected and betrayed, Samson Occom went on to form his own community of New England Indians called Brothertown Indians in Oneida country in upstate New York.

In 1819, Dartmouth College was the subject of the historic Dartmouth College case, in which the State of New Hampshire's 1816 attempt to amend the College's royal charter to make the school a public university was challenged. An institution called Dartmouth University occupied the college buildings and began operating in Hanover in 1817, though the College continued teaching classes in rented rooms nearby. Daniel Webster, an alumnus of the class of 1801, presented the College's case to the United States Supreme Court, which found the amendment of Dartmouth's charter to be an illegal impairment of a contract by the state and reversed New Hampshire's takeover of the College. Webster concluded his peroration with the famous and frequently-quoted words,

It is, Sir, as I have said, a small college. And yet there are those who love it.

Dartmouth was a men's college until 1972, when women were first admitted as full-time students and undergraduate degree candidates. At about the same time, Dartmouth adopted its unique "D-Plan", a schedule of year-round operation that allowed an increase in the enrollment (with the addition of females) without enlarging campus accommodations. The year is divided into four terms corresponding with the seasons; students are required to be in residence during the summer after their sophomore year. One wag described it as a way to put 4,000 students into 3,000 beds. Although new dormitories have been built since, the number of students has also increased and the D-Plan remains in effect.

Dartmouth's motto is "Vox Clamantis in Deserto". The Latin motto is literally translated as "The voice of one crying out in the wilderness", but the College administration often translates the phrase as "A voice crying in the wilderness", which is not technically correct in Latin grammar. The motto is a reference to the Christian Bible's John the Baptist as well as to the college's location on what was once the frontier of European settlement. Richard Hovey's Men of Dartmouth was elected as the best of all the songs of the College in 1896, and today it serves as the school's alma mater, although the lyrics and title have since been changed to be gender-neutral.

The screenplay for the film Animal House was cowritten by Chris Miller (A.B. 1963) and is based loosely on a series of fictional stories he wrote in 1974 about his fraternity days at Dartmouth, including "The Night of the Seven Fires." In a CNN interview, John Landis said the movie was "based on Chris Miller's real fraternity at Dartmouth," Alpha Delta. In an interview with The Dartmouth, Miller said that at least one incident in the film—one in which a Delta Tau Chi brother skis down the stairs as the band plays "Shout"—occurred at an Alpha Delt party at Dartmouth. The names "Otter" and "Pinto" may be found in the Alpha Delta section of the yearbooks of the period, such as the 1963 Aegis. The movie was filmed at the University of Oregon.

In January, 2001, two Dartmouth professors, Half Zantop (b. January 24, 1938) and Suzanne Zantop (b. August 12, 1945), were found stabbed to death in their Etna, New Hampshire home. After an intense nationwide manhunt, two teenagers from Chelsea, Vermont, Robert Tulloch and James Parker, were arrested in New Castle, Indiana and extradited back to New Hampshire. Both defendants eventually pled guilty to murder charges and were sentenced to life imprisonment.

Presidents of Dartmouth College (the Wheelock Succession)

• Rev. Eleazar Wheelock	(1769–1779)
• John Wheelock, 1771	(1779–1815)
• Rev. Francis Brown, 1805	(1815–1820)
• Rev. Daniel Dana, 1788	(1820–1821)
• Rev. Bennet Tyler	(1822–1828)
• Rev. Nathan Lord	(1828–1863)
• Rev. Asa Dodge Smith, 1830	(1863–1877)
• Rev. Samuel Colcord Bartlett, 1836	(1877–1892)
• Rev. William Jewett Tucker, 1861	(1893–1909)
• Ernest Fox Nichols	(1909–1916)
• Ernest Martin Hopkins, 1901	(1916–1945)
• John Sloan Dickey, 1929	(1945–1970)
• John George Kemeny	(1970–1981)
• David Thomas McLaughlin, 1954 & Tuck 1955	(1981–1987)
• James Oliver Freedman	(1987–1998)
• James E. Wright	(1998– )

Academics

The centerpiece of today's Dartmouth College is its undergraduate college of 4,078 students, constituting one of the most selective undergraduate institutions in the world. For the Class of 2010, 13,933 students applied for a little over 1,000 places in the class, and only 15.4% of applicants were admitted. The median SAT scores of each student are approximately 720, of whom 93% were in the top ten percent of their high school class. Alongside the undergraduate college lie a small graduate school and three professional institutes, Dartmouth Medical School (1797), Thayer School of Engineering (1867), and Amos Tuck School of Business Administration (1900). With these graduate programs, conventional American usage would accord Dartmouth the label of "Dartmouth University"; but for historical and nostalgic reasons (such as the Dartmouth College case) the school uses "Dartmouth College" for the entire institution.

Board of Trustees

Dartmouth is governed by a Board of Trustees. The board includes the College president, the state governor (ex officio), eight trustees elected by the board itself (Charter Trustees), and eight trustees nominated for board appointment by members of the Association of Alumni of Dartmouth College (Alumni Trustees), a body created in 1854 that represents over 60,000 alumni. (Specifically, trustee candidates may be nominated by an alumni council or by alumni petition, then an election is held, and finally the winner is, by longstanding agreement, appointed to the board by all Trustees. Three recent petition candidates have become Trustees in this manner.)

Facilities

Hopkins Center for the Creative and Performing Arts

The Hopkins Center ("the Hop") houses the College's drama, music, film, and studio arts departments, as well as a woodshop, pottery studio, and jewelry studio which are open for use by students and faculty. The building was designed by the famed architect Wallace Harrison, who later modeled Manhattan’s Lincoln Center front façade after the Hopkins Center. Facilities include two recital halls and one large auditorium. It is also the location of all student mailboxes and the Courtyard Café dining facility. The Hop is connected to the Hood Museum of Art and the Loew Auditorium, where films are shown. The Hopkins Center is an important New Hampshire performance venue.

Nelson A. Rockefeller Center for Public Policy and the Social Sciences

The Nelson A. Rockefeller Center is a center for interaction and discussion on public policy. Dedicated in 1983, the center stands in tribute to Nelson A. Rockefeller (Class of 1930). Known on campus as Rocky, the Center provides students, faculty and community-members opportunities to discuss and learn about public policy, law, and politics. Sponsoring lunch and dinner discussions with prominent faculty and visitors, the Center aides provides close interaction and discussion.

The Rockefeller Center has established a Public-Policy Minor at Dartmouth College and an exchange program on political economy with Oxford University (Keble College). In addition, the Center provides grants to students engaged in public-policy research and/or activities.

The Rockefeller Center's Policy Research Shop is an innovative program that provides research upon the request of elected policy makers and their legislative staff throughout the year. The Center hires students to work under the direction of faculty members, who then produce reports that are typically between 5-15 pages long. The intent is to produce useful information in a timely fashion so that the information can be used in legislative deliberations.

The John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding

The John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding was established in 1982 to honor Dartmouth's twelfth president (1945-70), John Sloan Dickey. The purpose of the Dickey Center is to "coordinate, sustain, and enrich the international dimension of liberal arts education at Dartmouth." To this end, the Dickey Center is committed to helping Dartmouth students prepare for a world in which local, national and global concerns are more strongly linked than ever. It strives to promote quality scholarly research at Dartmouth concerning international problems and issues, with an emphasis on work that is innovative and cross-disciplinary. And it seeks to heighten public awareness and to stimulate debate on pressing international issues. The Dickey Center also hosts several student-run organizations, such as the Dartmouth World Affairs Council (WAC) or the War & Peace Fellows, which foster undergraduates' awareness of international affairs. Several grants and awards are also administered by the Dickey Center, including the prestigious Chase Peace Prize, conferred annually to the senior thesis that contributes most significantly to an understanding of the causes of peace and war.

Aquatic facilities

Alumni Gym hosts two pools, the Karl Michael Competition Pool and the Spaulding Pool. Together they comprise a total of fifteen 25-yard lanes and two 50-meter lanes. The Karl Michael Pool, constructed in 1962, was designed by former Dartmouth College Men's Varsity Swim Team captain R. Jackson Smith, class of 1936. In 1970, it was formally named the Karl Michael Pool, after the coach of the men's varsity swim team from 1939-1970. The pool features eleven 25-yard lanes, with a special bulkhead that can be lowered to create two 50 meter lanes. The pool area has a seating area for 1,200 spectators. The Michael Pool hosted the 1968 Men's NCAA Championships, in which several American records were set. The pool also features one and three meter diving boards, with a water well 12 to 14 feet deep.

Adjacent is the Spaulding Pool. Spaulding Pool is a 10 by 25 yard pool constructed during 1919 and 1920 and designed by Rich & Mathesius, Architects. The Spaulding Pool is one of the oldest continuously operating pools in the United States. The pool's interior walls feature original encaustic tiles apparently designed by noted ceramist Leon Victor Solon. The pool has seating for several hundred spectators. Both pools are currently used by the Men's and Women's Varsity Swim Teams, as well as a host of other programs within the college.

Housing clusters

As opposed to ungrouped dormitories or residential colleges as employed at such institutions as The University of Chicago and Yale, Dartmouth has several housing clusters located throughout campus. The College experienced a slight housing crunch due to the unusually high yield of the class of 2005. Partially as a result, the College erected temporary housing, and two new dormitory clusters are due to be completed in the fall of 2006. Also starting in 2006, the College will guarantee housing for students during their freshman and sophomore years.

Athletics

As of 2004, Dartmouth College hosts 34 varsity sports: sixteen for men, sixteen for women, and coeducational sailing and equestrian programs. This places it among the top United States colleges and universities in this regard. In addition, there are twenty-three club sports and twenty-four intramural sports.

Nickname, symbol & mascot

Since the 1920s, the Dartmouth College athletic teams have been known by their unofficial nicknames "The Green" or "The Big Green." The nickname is based on students' adoption of a shade of forest green ("Dartmouth Green") as the school's official color in 1866. Until the early 1970s, teams were also known as the "Indians," and athletic uniforms bore a representation of an Indian warrior's head. That representation and similar images, called collectively "the Indian Symbol," as well as the practice of a cheerleader dressing in Indian costume to serve as a mascot during games, came under criticism. During the early 1970s the Trustees declared the "use of the ^* symbol in any form to be inconsistent with present institutional and academic objectives of the College in advancing Native American education." The Indian symbol's legacy continues in an unofficial capacity among many students and alumni, as well as with the conservative student newspaper, The Dartmouth Review.

Various student initiatives have been undertaken to adopt a new mascot, but none has garnered sufficient support from students or alumni to become "official." One proposal devised by the college humor magazine, the Jack-O-Lantern, was "Keggy the Keg", an anthropomorphic beer keg who makes occasional appearances at college sporting events, but has only received approval from the student government.

Varsity teams

Dartmouth's varsity athletic teams compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I, in the eight-member Ivy League conference, which includes Harvard, Princeton, Yale, Brown, Columbia, Cornell and the University of Pennsylvania. Some teams also participate in the Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC). Dartmouth athletics have earned several high honors, excelling in NCAA championships such as track and field, basketball, cross country running, soccer, skiing, golf, lacrosse, and diving.

As is mandatory amongst all Ivy League schools, Dartmouth College does not offer athletic scholarships, yet is home to many student athletes. As many as three-quarters of Dartmouth undergraduates participate in some form of athletics, and one-quarter of Dartmouth students play a varsity sport at some point during their undergraduate years. The percentage of varsity athletes and varsity sports are thus disproportionately greater than at many much larger colleges in the country.

In addition to official varsity sports, Dartmouth students participate in several club teams, such as those for rugby, water polo, Figure Skating, Men's Volleyball and Ultimate. These teams generally perform quite well in their respective regional and national competitions. The Dartmouth Figure Skating Team has performed particularly well in recent National events. They are currently the Collegiate National Champions after 3 consecutive years.

Venues

Dartmouth hosts many athletic venues. Dartmouth College Alumni Gymnasium, the center of athletic life at Dartmouth, is home of the Dartmouth College Aquatic facilities, basketball courts, squash and racketball courts, indoor track, fencing lanes as well as a rowing training center. The college also maintains the Memorial Field football stadium, Leede Arena (basketball), and Thompson Arena (hockey), as well as a rowing boat house and a tennis complex.

Dartmouth's original sports field was the Green, where students played cricket during the late eighteenth century and Old Division Football during the 1800s; some intramural games still take place there.

Student life

Student groups

Dartmouth hosts a large number of student groups, covering a wide range of interests. Students are commonly involved in more than one group on campus. As of 2006, the College hosted at least 11 literary publications, 9 a-capella groups, 10 other musical groups, and over 200 organizations recognized by the "Council of Student Organizations". Notable student groups include The Dartmouth, America's oldest daily college newspaper, The Dartmouth Review, an independent conservative newspaper, and The Dartmouth Aires, an award-winning a-capella group.

Greek life

Dartmouth College is host to many Greek organizations and a large percentage of the undergraduate student body is active in Greek life. In 2000, nearly half of the undergraduate student body belonged to a fraternity, sorority, or coeducational Greek house. First year students are not allowed to join Greek organizations, however, so the actual fraction of Dartmouth students that become active in Greek life during their studies at the College exceeds half of the student body. Dartmouth College was among the first institutions of higher education to desegregate fraternity houses in the 1950s, and was involved in the movement to create coeducational Greek houses in the 1970s. In the early 2000s, campus-wide debate focused on whether or not the Greek system at Dartmouth should become "substantially coeducational," but most houses retain single-sex membership policies.

Technology

Technology plays an important role in student life, as Dartmouth is perenially ranked as one of the most technologically-advanced colleges in the world (as in Newsweek's ranking of "Hottest for the Tech-Savvy"). BlitzMail, the campus e-mail network, plays a tremendous role in social life, as students tend to use it for communication in lieu of cellular phones or instant messenging programs.

Student reliance on BlitzMail (known colloquially as "Blitz," which functions as both noun and verb) has led to computer terminals being installed all around campus, so that students can check their "blitz" in between classes or while away from their rooms. Dartmouth has more than 12,000 computers available for use on campus. ^*

Dartmouth was also notable as the first college campus to offer entirely ubiquitous wireless internet access by 2001. The wireless network is available througout all college buildings as well as in most public outdoor spaces. Other technologies being pioneered include college-wide Video-on-Demand and VoIP rollouts.

Native Americans at Dartmouth

The charter of Dartmouth College, granted to Eleazar Wheelock in 1769, proclaims that the institution was created "for the education and instruction of Youth of the Indian Tribes in this Land in reading, writing and all parts of Learning ... as well as in all liberal Arts and Sciences; and also of English Youth and any others." The funds for Dartmouth College were raised primarily by the efforts of a Native American named Samson Occom.

While Dartmouth's students since have mainly been white, the college still claims to have a long history of involvement with Indian education. In 1970 the school established Native American academic and social program as part of a "new dedication to increasing Native American enrollment."

Wheelock, a Congregationalist dedicated to converting Indians to Christianity, was head of Moor's Indian Charity School (1753) prior to establishing Dartmouth. It was this institution that Mohegan preacher Samson Occom raised money for; Occom was bitterly disappointed to see Wheelock transform it into an English college.

Traditions

Dartmouth is home to a variety of traditions and celebrations:

Homecoming and Dartmouth Night: Each fall term, a bonfire is constructed by the freshman class, a tradition stemming from the late 1800s. Freshman run around the bonfire in accordance with their class year (e.g. the class of 2009 ran 109 laps).
Winter Carnival: Founded in 1909 by the Dartmouth Outing Club to promote winter sports, this celebration includes a snow sculpture on the Green and a variety of outdoor events. Winter Carnival was the subject of the 1939 motion picture comedy Winter Carnival, starring Ann Sheridan.
Green Key Weekend: The spring Green Key Weekend began in the 1920s with a formal function related to the Green Key Society, but the importance of the Society in the weekend is largely diminished. Green Key is today a weekend devoted to campus parties and celebration.
Tubestock: Tubestock was an unofficial summer tradition in which the sophomore class used wooden rafts and inner tubes to float on the Connecticut River. Begun in 1986, Tubestock met its demise in 2006 when Hanover town ordinances and a lack of coherent student protest conspired to defeat the popular tradition.
Freshman trips: Prior to matriculation, the Dartmouth Outing Club sponsors four-day freshman outing trips for incoming freshman. Each trip concludes at the Moosilauke Ravine Lodge.
Dartmouth Pow-Wow: A two-day ceremony is marked by traditional dancing, crafts, music and art, held every spring since 1973. The Pow-Wow is organized by the student group Native Americans at Dartmouth.

Alumni

Notable graduates and students at Dartmouth include:

Salmon Portland Chase from Ohio - Chief Justice of the United States
Robert Lee Frost - poet who won four Pulitzer Prizes
Henry M. Paulson, Jr., Chairman and CEO Goldman Sachs, current U.S. Secretary of the Treasury nominee
Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller - Vice President of the US and Governor of New York
Theodor Seuss Geisel - the children's author better known as Dr. Seuss
Michael Slive - current commissioner of the Southeastern Conference (SEC), and formerly the first commissioner of both Conference USA and Great Midwest Conference
Daniel Webster - US Senator from New Hampshire and Secretary of State of the US
Andrew Shue -- actor who starred on Fox's Melrose Place; brother of actress Elisabeth Shue
Fred Rogers -- host of the popular children's show, Mister Rogers' Neighborhood
Rachel Dratch -- comedienne and current Saturday Night Live cast member

References

External links

Dartmouth College website
Dartmouth's Alumni Association
Dartmouth webcams
Books — Faculty book publication list
"The Mardi Gras of the North" – History of the Winter Carnival
UGResearch.org An electronic library of undergraduate research
Dartmouth College News
Winter Carnival Celebration homepage
Dartmo.: The Buildings of Dartmouth College
Chris Miller Bio of Chris Miller, Dartmouth '63, cowriter of Animal House
Alpha Delta Lawn Party, cites Chris Miller
CNN John Landis interview – quoting Animal House being based on Dartmouth
"All about the Dartmouth Murders (Half and Suzanne Zantop)"
Dartmouth Wireless Network Press Coverage
The History of Dartmouth College by Baxter Perry Smith

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