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Covered interest arbitrage is the investment strategy where an investor buys a financial instrument denominated in a foreign currency, and hedges his foreign exchange risk by selling a forward contract in the amount of the proceeds of the investment back into his base currency. The proceeds of the investment are only known exactly if the financial instrument is risk-free and only pays interest once, on the date of the forward sale of foreign currency. Otherwise, some foreign exchange risk remains.
Similar trades using risky foreign currency bonds or even foreign stock may be made, but the hedging trades may actually add risk to the transaction, e.g. if the bond defaults the investor may lose on both the bond and the forward contract.
Example
In this example the investor is based in the United States and assumes the following prices and rates: spot USD/EUR = $1.2000, forward USD/EUR for 1 year delivery = $1.2300, dollar interest rate = 4.0%, euro interest rate = 2.5%.
- Exchange USD 1,200,000 into EUR 1,000,000
- Buy EUR 1,000,000 worth of euro-denominated bonds
- Sell EUR 1,025,000 via a 1 year forward contract, to receive USD 1,260,750, i.e. agree to exchange the euros back into US dollars in 1 year at today's forward price.
- This set of transactions can be viewed as having an effective dollar interest rate of (1,260,750/1,200,000)-1 = 5.1%
- Alternatively, if the USD 1,200,000 were borrowed at 4%, USD 1,248,000 would be owed in 1 year, leaving an arbitrage profit of 1,260,750 - 1,248,000 = USD 12,750 in 1 year.
Models
Financial models such as interest rate parity and the cost of carry model assume that no such arbitrage profits could exist in equilibrium, thus the effective dollar interest rate of investing in any currency will equal the effective dollar rate for any other currency, for risk-free instruments. TANSTAAFL
See also
External links
"Covered interest arbitrage"