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Coretta Scott King (April 27, 1927 – January 30, 2006) was the wife of the assassinated civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr., and a noted community leader in her own right.

Childhood

Coretta Scott was born on a farm in Heiberger, Alabama. She was younger than her sister Edythe and older than her brother Obadiah Leonard (usually called Obie). Her parents were Obadiah Scott and Bernice McMurry . Though her family owned the land, it was often a hard life. All the children had to pick cotton during the Great Depression to help the family make ends meet. Graduating from Lincoln Normal School in Marion, Alabama at the top of her class in 1945, Scott went to Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio. After graduation she won a scholarship to the New England Conservatory of Music to study vocal performance in Boston, where she met Martin Luther King Jr. *

Adult life

The Kings were married on June 18,1953 on the lawn of her parents' house; the ceremony was performed by King's father. After completing her degree in voice and violin at the New England Conservatory, she moved with her husband to Montgomery, Alabama in September 1954 after he was named pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church.

The Kings had four children:

All four children later followed in their parents' footsteps as civil rights activists.

Coretta Scott King received honorary degrees from many institutions including Princeton University, Duke University, and Bates College. She was a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha, a noted African-American sorority.

Freedom Concerts

King later put together a series of Freedom Concerts, which combined poetry, narration and music both to highlight the movement and to raise funds for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.

In 1962, she served as a Women's Strike for Peace delegate to the 17-nation Disarmament Conference in Geneva, Switzerland. In addition, she preceded her husband by two years in opposing the Vietnam War, addressing a 1965 anti-war rally at Madison Square Garden in New York City, while also serving as a liaison to international peace and justice organizations.

Life after assassination of Martin Luther King

Martin Luther King Day

Over the years she was active in preserving the memory of her husband and in political issues. After her husband was assassinated in 1968, she began attending a commemorative service at Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta to mark her husband's birth every January 15 and fought for years to make it a national holiday, a quest that was realized in 1986, when the first Martin Luther King Day was celebrated.

Coretta Scott King attended the state funeral of Lyndon B. Johnson, in 1973, as a very close friend of the former president, himself a contributor to civil rights. She was also present when President Ronald Reagan signed legislation establishing Martin Luther King Day.

Opposition to apartheid

During the 1980s, King reaffirmed her long-standing opposition to apartheid, participating in a series of sit-in protests in Washington, D.C. that prompted nationwide demonstrations against South African racial policies.

In 1986, she traveled to South Africa and met with Winnie Mandela, while Mandela's husband Nelson Mandela was still a political prisoner on Robben Island (Carson 2006, Wiltz 2006). She declined invitations from Pik Botha and moderate Zulu chief Buthelezi *. Upon her return to the United States, she urged Reagan to approve sanctions against South Africa.§

LGBT Human Rights and Other Issues

A long-time advocate for world peace, in 1957, King was one of the founders of The Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy.

King called her adoption of a vegan diet in 1995 a blessing. Her son, Dexter, had been vegan since 1988, saying that an appreciation for animal rights is the "logical extension" of his father's philosophy of non-violence.

King was vocal in her opposition to capital punishment and the 2003 invasion of Iraq, thus drawing criticism from conservative groups. She was also an advocate of women's rights, lesbian and gay rights and AIDS/HIV prevention. Her support for gay and lesbian rights, including same-sex marriage, sometimes put her in conflict with some members of her family including her daughter Bernice and her niece Alveda King.

  • "I still hear people say that I should not be talking about the rights of lesbian and gay people.... But I hasten to remind them that Martin Luther King Jr. said, 'Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.' I appeal to everyone who believes in Martin Luther King Jr.'s dream to make room at the table of brother and sisterhood for lesbian and gay people".
    • "Gay and lesbian people have families, and their families should have legal protection, whether by marriage or civil union. A constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriages is a form of gay bashing, and it would do nothing at all to protect traditional marriages."

    On April 1, 1998 at The Palmer House Hilton in Chicago, Mrs. King called on the civil rights community to join in the struggle against homophobia and anti-gay bias. "Homophobia is like racism and anti-Semitism and other forms of bigotry in that it seeks to dehumanize a large group of people, to deny their humanity, their dignity and personhood," King stated. "This sets the stage for further repression and violence that spread all too easily to victimize the next minority group."

    In November 2003 in a speech to at the opening session of the 13th annual Creating Change conference, organized by the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, Mrs King made her now famous appeal linking the Civil Rights Movement to the LGBT Human Rights Movement: "I appeal to everyone who believes in Martin Luther King Jr.’s dream to make room at the table of brotherhood and sisterhood for lesbian and gay people."

    Mrs. King continued, "It is encouraging that we have seen more gay and lesbian candidates elected to political office. It is important for lesbian and gay officeholders and their constituencies to achieve greater visibility as supporters of laws that benefit the entire community. I think this will help educate the American public that lesbian and gay people seek the same goals of quality education for young people, cleaner air and water, safe streets and better health care that straight people want. We have to work harder for the broader vision of the compassionate and caring society that demands decent living standards for all citizens".

    Mrs. King's support of Gay Human Rights angered some black pastors. She called her critics "misinformed" and said that Martin Luther King's message to the world was one of equality and inclusion.

    In March 2004, she told a university audience that same-sex marriage is a civil rights issue and denounced a proposed amendment to the Constitution ban it.

    In her speech King also criticized a group of black pastors in her home state of Georgia for backing a bill to amend that state's constitution to block gay and lesbian couples from marrying."

    On March 23. 2004 Mrs. King is quoted as saying at Richard Stockton College in Pomona, N.J., "gay and lesbian people have families, and their families should have legal protection, whether by marriage or civil union. A constitutional aendment banning same-sex marriages is a form of gay bashing and it would do nothing at all to protect traditional marriage."

    In 2003, she invited the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force to take part in observances of the 40th anniversary of the March on Washington and Dr. Martin Luther King's "I Have A Dream" speech.

    It was the first time that an LGBT rights group had been invited to a major event of the African American community.

    King said her husband supported the quest for equality by gays and reminded her critics that the 1963 March on Washington was organized by Bayard Rustin, an openly gay man.

    Coretta was a supporter of animal rights. *

    Coretta Scott King Award

    The Coretta Scott King Award, a medal presented by the American Library Association, is awarded to African American writers and illustrators for outstanding and inspirational educational contributions in children's literature.

    The King Center

    Established in 1968 by King, The King Center is the official memorial dedicated to the advancement of the legacy and ideas of Martin Luther King, Jr., leader of a nonviolent movement for justice, equality and peace. *

    Mission

    As the institutional guardian of Dr. King's legacy, the King Center, in collaboration with other organizations, focuses on the following areas:
    • The development and dissemination of programs that educate the world about Dr. King’s philosophy and methods of nonviolence, human relations, service to mankind, and related ideas;
    • Building a national and international network of organizations that, through sanctioned programs, promote, complement, and help further the organization’s mission and objectives of building the Beloved Community that Dr. King envisioned
    • Functioning as the clearinghouse for non-profit organizations and government agencies which utilize Dr. King’s image and writings for programs and ensuring that the programs are historically and interpretively accurate;
    • Monitoring and reporting on the impact of Dr. King’s legacy on the world. *

    Programs and services

    The King Center has a wide variety of programs and services in place to fulfill the organization's mission of building Dr. King's "Beloved Community." *

    These programs and services include:

    • The Beloved Community Network
    • Nonviolence or Nonexistence Online Learning Program
    • Re-Ignite the Dream Campaign: Building the Beloved Community through Service
    • King and the Modern Civil Rights Museum Scholar and Historian Research Program
    • The King Papers Project
    • Education through Exploration Visitor Services Program
    • Annual Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday Service Summit

    Final days

    On August 16 2005, King was hospitalized after suffering a stroke and a mild heart attack. Initially, she was unable to speak or move her right side. She was released from Piedmont Hospital in Atlanta on September 22, 2005, after regaining some of her speech and continued physiotherapy at home. Because of complications from the stroke, she was apparently unable to make her wishes known regarding the ongoing debate as to whether of the King Center would continue to operate independently or be sold to the National Park Service *. On January 14 2006, Mrs. King made her last public appearance in Atlanta at a dinner honoring her husband's memory.

    Death

    Mrs. King died in the late evening of January 30, 2006 at a rehabilitation center in Rosarito Beach, Mexico, where she was undergoing holistic therapy for her stroke and advanced stage ovarian cancer. The main cause of death is believed to be respiratory failure. She was 78.[http://www.11alive.com/news/news_article.aspx?storyid=75455

    Funeral

    Over 14,000 people gathered for King's six-hour funeral at the New Birth Missionary Baptist Church in Lithonia, Georgia on February 7, 2006 where daughter Bernice King is an elder. The megachurch whose sanctuary seats 10,000 was better able to handle the expected massive crowds than Ebenezer Baptist Church where King had been a member since the early 1960s up to her death and which was the site of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s funeral in 1968.

    The current and most former U.S. Presidents and their wives attended, excepting the Ford family (illness) and Barbara Bush (conflict with speech in Orlando). Numerous other political and prominent civil rights leaders attended the televised service.

    Mrs. King was buried in a temporary mausoleum on the grounds of the King Center until a permanent place next to her husband's remains can be built.She had expressed to family members and others that she wanted her remains to lie next to her husband's at the King Center, which will be alterred to accommodate her re-burial there at some future date. [http://www.11alive.com/news/news_article.aspx?storyid=75563

    Controversy surrounding funeral

    Some conservatives expressed dissatisfaction with remarks made by several of the speakers, including President Carter and Rev. Lowery, who were accused of injecting current politics into the affair. Lowery, referencing King's vocal opposition to the Iraq war, noted the failure to find WMDs in Iraq. Carter, referencing King's lifelong struggle for civil rights, noted that her family had been the target of secret government wiretapping. Their comments were met with thunderous applause and standing ovations.

    King's funeral was protested by Fred Phelps' Westboro Baptist Church, which is infamous for protesting at the funerals of gay men and their supporters. *

    Tributes

    President George W. Bush opened his State of the Union address the night of January 31, 2006, by paying tribute to her. On February 6, Bush issued a proclamation * flags to be flown at half staff throughout the day of King's interment, February 7.

    King's body was returned to Atlanta and carried through the streets on a horse-drawn carriage to the Georgia State Capitol as the crowd threw roses at the casket and a lone bagpiper played "Amazing Grace"; King became the first woman and black person to lie in state at the Georgia State Capitol. (see *). King's body also lay at historic Ebenezer Baptist Church (where her husband was pastor).

    The beginning of Super Bowl XL was marked by a moment of silence in memory of King and Rosa Parks.

    The National Gay and Lesbian Task Force issued a press release honoring the memory of the late Mrs. King. "Mrs. King worked tirelessly after her husband's death in 1968 to carry on his legacy of social justice activism. She was a steadfast ally in the struggle for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights, and was honored by the Task Force in 1997 for her support of the cause. In addition, Mrs. King was a featured speaker at the Task Force's Creating Change 2000, where she rallied hundreds of activists gathered for the country's largest LGBT rights organizing conference. In 2003, her son, Martin Luther King III, was personally responsible for inviting Task Force Executive Director Matt Foreman to join Mrs. King to speak from the podium at the 40th anniversary of the 1963 Civil Rights March on Washington." *

    “Mrs. King was a symbol of hope, of faith, of character and strength," said Ray Daniels, a spokesperson for The National Black Justice Coalition, the nation's largest Black LGBT rights organization. "Her ceaseless struggles to achieve equality for all will surely be missed. We salute her determination and her never ending struggle for equal rights for all,” said Daniels.

    Human Rights Campaign President Joe Solmonese made the following statement on the passing of civil rights leader Coretta Scott King. “Once in a lifetime God grants us with the ability to witness an extraordinary life dedicated to justice. With Coretta Scott King and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., God smiled on us and fortunately granted us two,” said Solmonese. “When her husband was killed, Mrs. King assumed her husband’s role as the guiding light that led the way toward a more equal nation. She performed that role with enormous grace and strength, never relenting in the movement for civil rights. She saw justice as a birthright and lent her voice as a relentless advocate for all fair-minded Americans, gay or straight, black or white. We join the nation in mourning the loss of a great hero and give enormous gratitude for all that she’s left behind. Often speaking of the importance of civil rights for gay and lesbian people, Coretta Scott King said in March of 1998, “I still hear people say that I should not be talking about the rights of lesbian and gay people and I should stick to the issue of racial justice. ... But I hasten to remind them that Martin Luther King Jr. said, ‘Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.’” Coretta Scott King also supported a federal bill prohibiting anti-gay discrimination."

    A proposal before the Atlanta City Council (as of April 2006) would rename Atlanta's Simpson Street/Road after Mrs. King. * The road bisects the Vine City neighborhood, a long time residence of Mrs. King and, earlier, the King family.

    Senate Resolution 362

    Upon the news of her death, moments of reflection, remembrance, and mourning began around the world. In the United States Senate, Bill Frist presented Senate Resolution 362 on behalf all U.S. Senators, with the afternoon hours filled with respectful tributes throughout the U. S. Capitol.

    House Resolution 655

    On January 31, 2006 following a moment of silence in memoriam to the death of King, the United States House of Representatives presented House Resolution 655 in honor of Mrs. King's legacy. The remembrances that followed were both emotional and poignant. John Lewis (D-Georgia) stated:

    I first met Mrs. King in 1957 when I was only 17. I was a student in Nashville, Tennessee. She was traveling around America, especially in cities of the South telling the story of the Montgomery movement through song. She was so beautiful, so inspiring, she would sing a little, and she would talk a little, and through her singing and talks she inspired an entire generation.

    In an unusual action, the resolution included a grace period of five days in which further comments may be added to it.

    Criticism

    Mrs. King was not without her detractors, particular concerning the King family's handling of her husband's estate. The licensing of Martin Luther King's speeches has caused concern about the reasoning behind limiting their availability. Mrs. King was also involved in the decision to demand licensing fees before the Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity could fundraise for money to build the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial on the National Mall.

    Notes

    External links

    1927 births | 2006 deaths | African Americans' rights activists | Alpha Kappa Alpha sisters | Congressional Gold Medal recipients | Deaths from ovarian cancer | Feminists | LGBT rights activists | Martin Luther King, Jr. | Nonviolence | People from Alabama | Vegans | Baptists

    Coretta Scott King | Coretta Scott King | Coretta Scott King | Coretta Scott King | Coretta Scott King | Coretta Scott King | Coretta Scott King | Coretta King | Coretta Scott King | Coretta Scott King | 科丽塔·斯科特·金

 

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