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Cluster munitions are air-dropped or ground launched shells that eject multiple small submunitions (bomblets). Their primary purpose is to kill enemy soldiers, although specialized weapons designed for anti-runway, anti-armor and mine-scattering purposes have also been developed.
Development
Cluster bombs were developed in order to improve the efficiency of aerial attacks, particularly against "soft" targets like personnel. Single bombs are less useful for this purpose because they cover a smaller area (known as a "footprint" in military parlance), and their effectiveness is dependent on the accuracy of the bomb's drop. A cluster bomb functions like a shotgun, covering a wider area with a spread of miniature bombs.
The first cluster bomb used operationally was the German SD-2 or Sprengbombe Dickwandig 2 kg, commonly referred to as the Butterfly Bomb. It was used during the Second World War to attack both civilian and military targets. The technology was developed independently by the United States of America, Russia and Italy (see Thermos Bomb). Cluster bombs are now standard air-dropped munitions for most nations, in a wide variety of types.
Artillery shells that employ similar principles have existed for decades. They are typically referred to as ICM (Improved Conventional Munitions) shells. The US military slang terms for them are "firecracker" or "popcorn" shells, for the many small explosions they cause in the target area.
Types of cluster bombs
A basic cluster bomb is a hollow shell (generally streamlined if intended for carriage by fast aircraft) containing anywhere from three to more than 2,000 submunitions. Some types are dispensers that are designed to be retained by the aircraft after releasing their munitions. The submunitions themselves may be fitted with small parachute retarders or streamers to slow their descent (allowing the aircraft to escape the blast area in low-altitude attacks).
Anti-personnel cluster bombs produce shrapnel to kill troops and destroy soft (unarmored) targets. Anti-armor munitions contain hardened spikes with shaped charge warheads to pierce the armor of tanks and armored fighting vehicles. Anti-runway submunitions are often designed to penetrate concrete before detonating, allowing them to shatter and crater runway surfaces. Mine-laying weapons do not detonate on contact, but scatter their cargo of land mines for later detonation.
Incendiary cluster bombs, also called firebombs, are designed to start fires. Some are specifically designed for this purpose, with payloads of white phosphorus or napalm, but they are often combined with a payload of anti-personnel and anti-tank submunition. This type of munition was extensively used by both sides in the strategic bombings of World War II.
During the 1950s and 1960s the United States and Soviet Union developed cluster weapons designed to deliver chemical weapons, ranging from lethal nerve gas like Sarin to defoliants and tear gas. International pressure has made the use of chemical weapons politically volatile, although both the U.S. and Russia retain such weapons in their arsenals.
An anti-electrical cluster weapon — the CBU-94/B — was first used by the U.S. in the Kosovo War in 1999. These consist of a TMD (Tactical Munitions Dispenser) filled with 202 BLU-114/B submunitions. Each submunition contains a small explosive charge that disperses 147 reels of fine conductive fiber: either carbon fiber or aluminum coated glass fiber. Their purpose is to disrupt and damage electric power transmission systems by producing short circuits in high voltage power lines and electrical substations. On the first attack, these knocked out 70% of the electrical power supply in Serbia. There are reports that it took 500 people 15 hours to get one transformer yard back on line after being hit with the conductive fibers.
Modern cluster bombs and submunition dispensers are often multiple-purpose weapons, containing mixtures of anti-armor, anti-personnel, and anti-materiel munitions.
A growing trend in cluster bomb design is the "smart" submunition, which uses guidance circuitry to locate and attack particular targets, usually armored vehicles. Some recent weapons of this type include the U.S. CBU-97 sensor-fused weapon, employed during Kosovo War and Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003. Munitions specifically intended for anti-tank use may be set to self-destruct if they reach the ground without locating a target, theoretically reducing the risk of collateral damage to civilians and non-military targets. The limitation of the smart submunition is cost: such weapons are many times more expensive than standard cluster bombs, which are cheap and simple to manufacture.
Threat to civilians
The use of these weapons is hotly opposed by many individuals and groups, such as the Red Cross, the NGO Cluster Munition Coalition and the United Nations, because of the high proportion of civilians that have fallen victim to the weapon. The particular threat this weapon poses to civilians exists for two main reasons. Firstly, because of the weapon's very wide area effect, striking both civilian and military objects in the target area. The area affected by a single cluster munition, also known as the footprint, can be as large as two or three football fields. This characteristic of the weapon is particularly problematic for civilians when cluster munitions are used in or near populated areas and has been documented by research reports from groups such as Human Rights Watch and Landmine ActionSecondly, depending on type and their use, between 1% and 40% of the bomblets do not explode on impact[http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article3463.htm. These unexploded ordnance (duds) present a particularly dense and dangerous form of post-conflict contamination and may unintentionally act like anti-personnel land mines (which have been banned in many countries under the Ottawa Treaty) for several years. However, cluster bombs are not banned by any international treaty and are considered legitimate and effective weapons by many NATO governments. International governmental deliberations revolve around the broader problem of explosive remnants of war, a problem to which cluster munitions have contributed in a significant way. However, despite calls from humanitarian organisations and some governments, no international governmental negotiations or formal discussions are underway to develop specific measures that would address the humanitarian problems cluster munitions pose. The issue of unexploded cluster bomblets should not be confused with cluster bombs containing landmines, such as the CBU-89 Gator.
The small size and bright colours of some bomblets make them attractive to passers-by, especially small children. CBUs are still a danger in Indochina, especially in Laos and southern Vietnam. More recently, in Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq several civilians have been killed by unexploded bomblets. In post-war Kosovo unexploded cluster bomblets caused more civilian deaths than landmines *. In the United States military action against Afghanistan in 2002, military forces faced an embarrassing problem in that humanitarian rations dropped from airplanes initially had the same yellow colored packaging as unexploded BLU97 cluster bombs. The rations packaging was later changed first to blue and then to clear packaging in the hopes of avoiding such hazardous confusion.
International Legislation
Although covered by the general rules of international humanitarian law, cluster munitions are not currently covered by any specific international legal instrument. So far Belgium is the only country to have issued a ban on the use (carrying), transportation, export, stockpiling, trade and production of cluster munitions.* However, several countries, including Austria, Australia, Denmark, France, Germany, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland have seen considerable parliamentary activity on cluster munitions. In some of these countries, there are ongoing discussions concerning draft legislation banning cluster munitions, along the lines of the legislation adopted in Belgium. Norway has also committed itself to an international ban on cluster munitions and recently announced a moratorium on the weapon.
See also
External links
Technical
- Federation of American Scientists article on the CBU97 and CBU105 cluster bombs with smart munitions.
- Federation of American Scientists article on the BLU-114 anti-electrical weapon.
Threat to civilians
- Handicap International's global campaign to ban cluster-munitions.
- Official Web Site of the International Cluster Munition Coalition (CMC)
- Human Rights Watch - Reports, studies and statements on cluster munitions.
- Landmineaction.org Research reports on cluster munitions.
- Passievoorvrede.nl "Cluster weapons: Necessity or convenience?" report on the limited military utility of cluster weapons.
- Cluster Bombs: The Hidden Toll, article by Richard Norton-Taylor
- Swiss Foundation for Mine Action (FSD), an organisation clearing cluster bombs and landmines
- Web site of Clear Path International. An organization assisting cluster bomb survivors in Vietnam.
قنبلة عنقودية | Streubombe | Bomba de racimo | Bombe à sous-munitions | Clusterbom | クラスター爆弾 | Rypälepommi
"Cluster bomb"