Charles Thompson is the name of:

• Charles Hubbard Thompson (1891-1964), American ragtime musician
• Charles James Thompson (1862-1932), US Congressman from Ohio
• Charles Peck Thompson (1843-1927), Pony Express rider
• Charles Perkins Thompson (1827-1894), US Representative from Massachusetts
• Charles S. Thompson, Hollywood art designer
• Charles Winston Thompson (1860-1904), US congressman from Alabama
• Chuck Thompson (1921–2005), American sportscaster
• Charles Thompson (Jazz) (b. 1918), American swing musician also known as "Sir Charles"
• Charles Thompson IV, the birthname of musician Frank Black of the Pixies
• Charles Thompson, Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation.

Variant spelling Charles Thomson is the name of:

• Charles Thomson, secretary of the Continental Congress
• Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham (1799-1841), the first Governor of the united Province of Canada
• Charles Wyville Thomson (1830 - 1882), professor of zoology and chief scientist on the Challenger expedition
• Charles Thomson (artist), (b. 1953), British artist, painter and poet