Cervical vertebrae

In vertebrates, cervical vertebrae are those vertebrae immediately behind (caudal to) the skull. In some species, some parts of the skull may be composed of vertebra-like elements, e.g. the occipital bone in humans is composed of four vertebra-like segments.

In many vertebrate species, cervical vertebrae are variable in number; however, all mammals have seven (including those with very short necks, such as elephants or whales, and those with very long necks, such as giraffes). Thoracic vertebrae in all species are defined as those vertebrae which also carry a pair of ribs, and lie caudal to the cervical vertebrae.

In humans, cervical vertebrae (Vertebrae cervicales) are the smallest of the true vertebrae, and can be readily distinguished from those of the thoracic or lumbar regions by the presence of a foramen (hole) in each transverse process, through which passes the vertebral artery.

The first, second, and seventh cervical vertebrae present exceptional features and must be separately described, though the other four have common characteristics.

Movements of the cervical spine

The movements of flexion and extension of the head take place predominantly at the joint between the first cervical vertebra and the occipital bone, the atlanto-occipital joint. However, the cervical spine is comparatively mobile, and some component of this movement is due to flexion and extension of the vertebral column itself.

The movement of rotating the head to left and right happens almost entirely at the joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae, the atlanto-axial joint. A small amount of rotation of the vertebral column itself contributes to the movement.

The movement of lateral flexion of the neck, as when the subject attempts to place the ear against the tip of the shoulder, happens due to movement in the vertebral column itself.

General characteristics

These are the general characteristics of the third through sixth cervical vertebrae. The first, second, and seventh vertebrae are extraordinary, and detailed later.

The body of these four vertebrae is small, and broader from side to side than from front to back. The anterior and posterior surfaces are flattened and of equal depth; the former is placed on a lower level than the latter, and its inferior border is prolonged downward, so as to overlap the upper and forepart of the vertebra below. The upper surface is concave transversely, and presents a projecting lip on either side; the lower surface is concave from front to back, convex from side to side, and presents laterally shallow concavities which receive the corresponding projecting lips of the underlying vertebra.

The pedicles are directed laterally and backward, and are attached to the body midway between its upper and lower borders, so that the superior vertebral notch is as deep as the inferior, but it is, at the same time, narrower. The laminae are narrow, and thinner above than below; the vertebral foramen is large, and of a triangular form. The spinous process is short and bifid, the two divisions being often of unequal size. The superior and inferior articular processes on either side are fused to form an articular pillar, which projects laterally from the junction of the pedicle and lamina. The articular facets are flat and of an oval form: the superior look backward, upward, and slightly medially; the inferior forward, downward, and slightly laterally.

The transverse processes are each pierced by the foramen transversarium, which, in the upper six vertebrae, gives passage to the vertebral artery and vein, as well as a plexus of sympathetic nerves. Each process consists of an anterior and a posterior part. The anterior portion is the homologue of the rib in the thoracic region, and is therefore named the costal process or costal element. It arises from the side of the body, is directed laterally in front of the foramen, and ends in a tubercle, the anterior tubercle. The posterior part, the true transverse process, springs from the vertebral arch behind the foramen, and is directed forward and laterally; it ends in a flattened vertical tubercle, the posterior tubercle. These two parts are joined, outside the foramen, by a bar of bone which exhibits a deep sulcus on its upper surface for the passage of the corresponding spinal nerve.

First cervical vertebra (Atlas)

For more information, see Atlas (anatomy)

The first cervical vertebra (C1) is named for the Atlas of mythology, because it supports the globe of the head. The Atlas is the topmost vertebra, and – along with the Axis – forms the joint connecting the skull and spine. Its chief peculiarity is that it has no body, and this is due to the fact that the body of the atlas has fused with that of the next vertebra.

Second cervical vertebra (Axis)

For more information, see Axis (anatomy)

The second cervical vertebra (C2) of the spine is named the axis or epistropheus. It forms the pivot upon which the first cervical vertebra (the Atlas), which carries the head, rotates. The most distinctive characteristic of this bone is the strong odontoid process (dens) which rises perpendicularly from the upper surface of the body. The body is deeper in front than behind, and prolonged downward anteriorly so as to overlap the upper and front part of the third vertebra.

Injuries to the cervical spine, especially hyperextension may fracure the odontoid process, the so-called Hangman's fracture. The fractured bone may compress the spinal cord, causing immediate death.

Seventh cervical vertebra

For more information, see Vertebra prominens.

The most distinctive characteristic of this vertebra is the existence of a long and prominent spinous process, hence the name vertebra prominens.

In some subjects, the seventh cervical vertebra is associated with an abnormal pair of ribs, known as cervical ribs. These ribs are usually small, but may occasionally compress blood vessels (such as the subclavian artery) or nerves in the brachial plexus, causing unpleasant symptoms.

References

Head and neck | Skeletal system