article Related Topics:
Catalonia
 

See also Principality of Catalonia and Northern Catalonia.

Comunidad Autónoma de Cataluña
Comunitat Autònoma de Catalunya
Comunautat Autonoma de Catalonha
In detail Coat of Arms

Catalonia euro locator.png Capital Barcelona Official languages Catalan, Spanish, Aranese Area
 – Total
 – % of Spain Ranked 6th in Spain
 32 114 km²
 6,3% Population
 – Total (2005)
 – % of Spain
 – Density Ranked 2nd in Spain
 6 995 206
 15,9%
 217,82/km² GDP Total (2004)
GDP: €157,124 billion
GDP per /capita: $26,550 (4th) Demonym
 – English
 – Catalan
 – Spanish

 Catalan
 català (m); catalana (f)
 catalán (m); catalana (f)
  Statute of Autonomy December 22, 1979 ISO 3166-2 ES-CT National anthem Els Segadors Parliamentary
representation
 – Congress seats
 – Senate seats  46
 7 President Pasqual Maragall i Mira (PSC) Political information The Autonomous Community of Catalonia (Catalan: Comunitat Autònoma de Catalunya; Spanish: Comunidad Autónoma de Cataluña; Aranese: Comunautat Autonoma de Catalonha), known informally as Catalonia, is today one of the 17 autonomous communities that constitute Spain. Its territory corresponds to most of the historic territory of the former Principality of Catalonia. The autonomous community of Catalonia covers an area of 31,950 km² with an official population of 6.8 million (2004). Immigrants from outside Spain represent 6.8% of the total population.

Catalonia was officially recognised as a nationality in the Catalan Statute of Autonomy enacted in 1979 pursuant to the Spanish Constitution of 1978.

As of June 18, 2006, Catalonia voted to adopt a new Statute of Autonomy, including a provision defining Catalonia as a nation (albeit without legal value).

Official languages are Catalan, Spanish (also known as Castilian), and (in Val d'Aran) Aranese.

Geography

See also Category:Geography of Catalonia

The Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia borders on Land of Valencia to the south, Aragon to the west, France and Andorra to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the east and southeast.

Mountains

North Catalan Pyrenees: '''South Catalan Pyrenees: Catalan Coastal Mountains: Iberic system:

Rivers

Ebre River, 910 km Her tributaries: Other rivers:
  • Llobregat 167 km and its tributary Anoia and Cardener.
  • Ter 167 km
  • Garona 647 km
  • Onyar 34 km
  • Fluvià 70 km
  • Valira 44 km
  • Besòs 53 km
  • Muga 58 km
  • Esera
  • Foix 41 km
  • Francolí 60 km
  • Gaià 59 km
  • Tordera 55 km

    Other natural spaces

    Conservation areas

    There are several conservation areas in Catalonia:
    • Aigüestortes i Estany de Sant Maurici National Park.
    • Alt Pirineu Natural Park
    • Cadí-Moixeró Natural Park
    • Cape Creus Natural Park
    • Delta of Llobregat Natural Park
    • Els Ports Natural Park
    • Montseny Natural Park
    • Montserrat Natural Park
    • Sant Llorenç de Morunys Natural Park
    • Montsant Natural Park
    • Volcanic Region of La Garrotxa Natural Park

    History

    Main article: History of Catalonia

    The territory that now constitutes the autonomous community of Catalonia in Spain, and the adjoining Catalan region of France, was first settled during the Middle Palaeolithic. Like the rest of the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula, it was colonized by Ancient Greeks and Carthaginians and participated in the pre-Roman Iberian culture. With the rest of Iberia, it was part of the Roman Empire, then came under Visigothic rule after Rome's collapse. The northernmost part of Catalonia was briefly occupied by the Moorish (Muslim-ruled) al-Andalus in the eighth century, but after the defeat of Emir Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqiwas's troops at Tours in 732 local Visigoths regained autonomy, though they voluntarily made themselves tributary to the emerging Frankish kingdom, which gave the grouping of these local powers the generic name Marca Hispanica. Identifiably Catalan culture developed in the Middle Ages under the hegemony of the Counts of Barcelona. As part of the Crown of Aragon — most historians would say the dominant part — the Catalans became a great maritime power, expanding by trade and conquest into Valencia, the Balearic Islands, and even Sardinia and Sicily.

    The marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon (1469) unified Christian Spain; in 1492, the last of al-Andalus was conquered and the Spanish conquest of the Americas began. Political power began to shift away from Catalonia toward Castile.

    For some time, Catalonia continued to retain its own laws, but these gradually eroded (albeit with occasional periods of regeneration). Over the next few centuries, Catalonia was generally on the losing side of a series of wars that led steadily to more centralization of power in Spain. The most significant conflict was the War of the Spanish Succession, which began when Carlos II died without a successor in 1700. Catalonia supported the claim of a member of the Austrian branch of the Hapsburg dynasty, while the rest of Spain generally supported the French Bourbon claimant, Felipe V. Following the final surrender of Catalan troops on September 11, 1714, Felipe V's Nueva Planta decrees banned all the main Catalan political institutions and imposed military-based rule over the region.

    In the latter half of the 19th century, Catalonia became a center of Spain's industrialization; to this day it remains the most industrialized part of Spain, rivaled only by the Basque Country. In first third of the 20th century, Catalonia several times gained and lost varying degrees of autonomy, but Catalan autonomy and culture were crushed to an unprecedented degree after the defeat of the Second Spanish Republic (founded 1931) in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) brought General Francisco Franco to power. Even public use of the Catalan language was banned.

    After Franco's death (1975) and the adoption of a democratic Spanish constitution (1978), Catalonia recovered cultural autonomy and some political autonomy. Today, Catalonia is almost universally recognized as one of the most economically dynamic regions of Spain and the Catalan capital, Barcelona, is second only to Madrid as a cultural center.

    See also Catalan Countries

    Language

    Catalonia is the original heartland of the Catalan language, and remains the most important and largest territory where the language is spoken.

    Catalan is one of the two official languages of Catalonia, as established in the Catalan Statute of Autonomy *: the other is Castilian, which is the language throughout Spain (its official status confirmed by the 1978 Spanish Constitution). Catalonia has regulated its institutions and their various jurisdictions within the framework provided by the Spanish constitution in the "Sau Statute."

    The Catalan Government has a policy of promoting the Catalan language. Thus, state education is partly given in Catalan and partly in Spanish, and government bureaucracy is entirely in Catalan, Catalan media is heavily subsidised and business are required to display all information (e.g. menus, posters) at least in Catalan. Whilst these efforts have ensured that Catalan is increasingly dominant at an official and academic level, there is no evidence that they have changed the social use of the language, with people whose mother tongue is Spanish still using Spanish as their everyday language. Some Catalan speakers argue that this policy is necessary to protect their language in the face of residents and immigrants who fail to learn or use Catalan.

    Catalan is properly regarded by most linguists as being an Ibero-Romance language (the group that includes Spanish). It has many features of Gallo-Romance languages such as French.

    Occitan, in its Aranese variety (a dialect of Gascon) is official and subject to special protection in the Val d'Aran (Aran Valley). This small region of 7,000 is the only place where Occitan (spoken mainly in France and some Italian valleys) has full official status.

    Literacy

    According to the 2001 Linguistic Census *, about 5,900,000 people in Catalonia, nearly 95% of residents, understand the Catalan language. The percentage of people aged two and older who can speak, read and write Catalan is as follows:
    Knowledge of Catalan
    Ability Individuals Percentage
    Understands 5,872,202 94.5%
    Speaks 4,630,640 74.5%
    Reads 4,621,404 74.4%
    Writes 3,093,223 49.8%
    Population 6,215,281 100%

    Over the last 20 years, knowledge of Catalan has advanced significantly in all these areas, with the ability to write it having experienced the most pronounced increase, from 31.6% of the population in 1986 to 49.8% in 2001.

    By age groups, those between 10 and 29 have the higher level of Catalan-language literacy (e.g., 98.2% aged 10–14 understand it, and 85.2% can write it); this is attributed to these individuals having received a proper education in Catalan.

    Geographically, Catalan is most understood in northwest Catalonia (Alt Pirineu, Val d'Aran), at 97.4%, followed by south and western Catalonia, whereas Barcelona's metropolitan area sees the lowest knowledge, at 93.8%. The situation is analogous for written-language skills, with central Catalonia scoring the highest percentages (61.4%), and Barcelona the lowest (46.4%).

    Barcelona is one of the main centres of the Spanish publishing industry in Spanish, and the main one for Catalan-language publishing.

    Social Use

    According to a study carried out in 2003 by the Generalitat de Catalunya *, Catalan is used by 50.1% of the population in everyday situations.

    Significantly, over 55% of respondents use Spanish to address their parents (versus 42% who choose Catalan). This is attributed to massive immigration from southern Spain from the second half of the 20th century until the 1980s, as a consequence of which many Catalans have one or both parents from outside Catalonia. However, a majority (52.6%) use Catalan with their children (42.3% Spanish). This can be attributed to some Spanish-speaking citizens shifting from their mother tongue to Catalan at home.

    Outside the family, 48.6% of the population indicate that they address strangers exclusively or preferentially in Catalan, while the proportion of those who use Spanish is 41.7%. 8.6% claim to use both equally.

    See Catalan language for further information.

    Aranese

    According to the 2001 Aranese Linguistic Census *, knowledge of Aranese in the Occitan-speaking territory of Aran is as follows:
    Knowledge of Aranese
    Ability Individuals Percentage
    Understands 6,712 88.88%
    Speaks 4,700 62.24%
    Reads 4,413 58.44%
    Writes 2,016 26.69%

    Comparing to previous data from 1996, the number of those able to understand Aranese has declined slightly (90.5% in 1996), while at the same time there has been a marginal increase in the number of those able to write it (24.97% in 1996).

    By age groups, the largest percentage of those with knowledge of Aranese is in the 15-19 and 65-69 groups (both above 96%), while those aged 30-34 score lowest (just over 80%). Literacy is higher in the 10-19 group with over 88% declaring themselves able to read, and 76% able to write Aranese. Those over 80 are the least literate, with only about 1.5% of them being able to write the language.

    According to their place of origin, it is significant to note that in the Val d'Aran those born outside Spain outnumber Spaniards born outside Aran and Catalonia in the active use of Aranese (17% of non-Spaniards can write Aranese, while the percentage for Spaniards excluding Catalans is 10%).

    Economy of Catalonia

    The Catalan economy is distinguished by an industrial profile. The population profile is:

    The GDP is 2.5 %, the land dedicated to agricultural use is 33 %. The most commonly cultivated crops in Catalonia are maize, potatoes, forage, vines, olives and cereals.

    Also commonly practiced are horticulture and animal husbandry; most important to the latter the porcine livestock, bovine livestock and ovine livestock.

    Transportation in Catalonia

    Airports

    Commercial and passenger ports

    Roads, Highways... etc

    There are 12000 km of road in Catalonia.

    The principal highway is AP-7 know also as Autopista del Mediterraneo which crosses Catalonia by the Mediterranean sea. Others are:

    Railroad

    Catalonia was the first autonomous community in Spain to have a railroad. The actual railroad structure is based mainly in Barcelona and the surroundings.

    The railroad companies operating in Catalonia are FGC and RENFE.

    Law and government of Catalonia

    Catalan Self-government

    After Franco's death (1975) and the adoption of a democratic constitution in Spain (1978), Catalonia recovered its autonomous status, which had been lost with the fall of the Second Spanish Republic at the conclusion of the Spanish Civil War in 1939.

    The region has gradually achieved a greater degree of autonomy since 1979. The Generalitat holds exclusive jurisdiction in various matters of culture, environment, communications, transportation, commerce, public safety and local governments, but in education, health and justice, the region shares jurisdiction with the Spanish government. Catalonia has its own police force, the Mossos d'Esquadra (literally 'squad lads'), which is currently in the process of taking over most of the role within Catalonia of the Guardia Civil and Policía Nacional, which are under the authority of the Spanish national government, although the Spanish government will keep agents in the region for matters relating to terrorism and immigration. Most of the justice system is administered by national judicial institutions. The legal system is uniform throughout the Spanish State, with the exception of so-called "civil law", which is administered separately within Catalonia *.

    After the Navarre and the Basque Country regions, Catalonia has the greatest level of self-government in Spain. As an autonomous community of Spain, Catalonia has no official status or recognition at an international level. On June 18, 2006, a referendum across Catalonia approved reforms to the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia , although the Spanish national government has yet to approve the reforms.

    Politics of Catalonia

    Parties

    • CiU — Convergència i Unió (Convergence and Unity) - federation
      • CDC — Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya (Democratic Convergence of Catalonia)
      • UDC — Unió Democràtica de Catalunya (Democratic Union of Catalonia)
    • ERC — Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (Republican Left of Catalonia)
    • ICV-EUiA — Iniciativa per Catalunya-Verds – Esquerra Unida i Alternativa (Green Initiative for Catalonia-Left United Alternative)
    • PP — Partit Popular (People's Party)
    • PSC-PSOE — Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya-Partido Socialista Obrero Español (Socialist Party of Catalonia-Spanish Socialist Workers' Party)

    Summary of votes and seats

    Votes and seats are compared with those won at the 1999 election.

    Voters: 5,307,837 Voting: 3,319,276 62.5% Invalid votes: 8,793 00.3% Valid votes: 3,310,483 99.7%

    - Party Votes % Seats
    - Convergència i Unió 1,024,425 30.9 (-06.8) 46 (-10) Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya 544,324 16.4 (+07.7) 23 (+11) Iniciativa Verds-Esquerra Alternativa 241,163 07.3 (+04.8) 9 (+06) Partit Popular 393,499 11.9 (+02.4) 15 (+03) Partit Socialista de Catalunya 1,031,454 31.2 (-06.6) 42 (-10) Others 75,618 02.3 -
    - Total 3,310,483 135
    -

    Environmental policy

    Awareness of environmental problems tends to be much lower in Catalonia (and in Spain as a whole) than in northern Europe. CO2 emissions in Catalonia have increased by 40% since 1992 and 60% of the region's electricity comes from aging nuclear power stations (a figure exceeded in Europe only by France and Lithuania). Despite Catalonia's change of government in 2004 from a conservative CiU/PP alliance to a "red/green" tripartite coalition of PSC, ERC, and ICV parties, there is little evidence of greater concern for the environment. The ICV was put in charge of the Ministry of the Environment but has largely continued the outgoing administration's environmentally-unfriendly policies. The Ministry's decision to build the controversial Bracons tunnel through an area of outstanding natural beauty, and a scheme to site an incinerator burning 90,000 metric tonnes of industrial waste * in a heavily-populated valley are just two cases in point. Although Catalonia participates in many international environmental forums, the political will to pursue "green" polices is generally lacking. This may be explained by the fragility of public institutions, and a lack of genuine commitment to grass-roots democracy.

    UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Catalonia

    There are several UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Catalonia:

    See also

    {Commons|Catalonia}}

    External links

    Catalonia | Spain | Autonomous communities of Spain | NUTS 2 Statistical Regions of Europe | Divided regions

    منطقة كاتالونيا الذاتية الحكم | Cataluña | Cataluña | Catalunya | Comunitat autònoma de Catalunya | Katalánsko | Catalonia | Catalonien | Katalonien | Kataloonia | Cataluña | Katalunio | Katalunia | کاتالونی | Catalogne | An Chatalóin | Cataluña | 카탈루냐 지방 | Catalunya | Catalogna | קטלוניה | კატალონია | Kataloni | Catalonia | Katalonija | Katalónia | Kataronia | Catalonië | カタルーニャ州 | Catalonia | Catalonia | Catalonha | Katalonia | Catalunha | Catalonia | Каталония | Catalonia | Каталонија | Katalonia | Katalonien | Catalunya | Katalonya | 加泰罗尼亚

 

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the "Catalonia".

Home Page • arts • business • computers • games • health • hospitals • home • kids & teens • news • physicians • recreation• reference • regional • science • shopping • society • sports • world