Castling

Castling is a special move in the game of chess involving the king and either of his original rooks. Castling consists of moving the king two squares towards a rook, then moving the rook onto the square over which the king crossed.

Castling is a relatively recent European innovation in chess, dating from the 14th or 15th century. Thus, the Asian versions of chess do not have such a move.

Castling is in most non-English speaking nations known as 'Rochieren/Rochada', whilst 'queenside/kingside castling' is in those countries referred to as 'long/short castling'.

Requirements

Castling is only permissible if all of the following conditions hold:

The player must never have moved the king;
The player must never have moved the rook involved in castling;
There must be no pieces between the king and the rook;
The king and the rook must be on the same rank. Without this additional restriction, which was added to the FIDE rules in 1972, it would be possible to promote a pawn on the e file to a rook and then castle vertically across the board (as long as the king has never moved and there are no pieces in between). This way of castling was "discovered" by Max Pam and used by Tim Krabbé in a chess puzzle before the rules were amended to disallow it. ^*

It is a common mistake to think that the requirements for castling are even more stringent than the above. To clarify:

The king may have been in check previously, as long as it isn't in check at the time of castling.
The rook involved in castling may be under attack.
The rook involved in castling may move over an attacked square. (This situation is only possible with queenside castling.)
The king may not pass through squares that are under attack by enemy pieces, and the king cannot be in check after castling.

Castling when the king is in check is also forbidden, according to most chess players, though few condone it if the king would end up on a safe square after the move. Though the reason for this is unknown, this restriction is accepted by most official chess committees worldwide.

Strategy

The notation for castling is 0-0 on the kingside and 0-0-0 on the queenside, in both the descriptive and the algebraic systems. Castling on the kingside is sometimes called castling short and castling on the queenside is called castling long; the difference being based on whether the rook move a short distance (two squares) or a long distance (three squares).

It is common for both players to castle kingside, and rare for both players to castle queenside. If one player castles kingside and the other queenside, it is called opposite castling. Castling on opposite sides usually results in a fierce fight as the pawns on both sides are free to advance to attack the opposing king's castled position without exposing the player's own castled king. An example is the Dragon Variation of the Sicilian Defense.

Kingside castling is generally slightly safer, because the king is placed closer to the edge of the board and all the pawns in the castled position are defended. In queenside castling, the king is placed closer to the center and the pawn on the a-file is undefended; however, the king is often moved to the b-file to defend the a-file pawn and to move the king away from the center of the board. On the other hand, queenside castling places the rook more effectively — on the d-file, it is often immediately active, whereas with kingside castling a tempo may be required to move the rook to a more offensive square. Another difference between kingside and queenside castling is that queenside castling requires moving the queen; therefore, it may take slightly longer to achieve than kingside castling if the queen has not yet been moved.

Castling is an important goal in the early part of a game, because it serves two valuable purposes: it moves the king into a safer position away from the center of the board, and it moves the rook to a more active position in the center of the board. If the king is forced to move before it has the opportunity to castle, the player may still wish to maneuver the king towards the edge of the board and the corresponding rook towards the center. When a player takes three or four moves to accomplish what castling would have accomplished in one move, it is sometimes called artificial castling.

Etiquette

To signal the intention to castle, a player should pick up the king first and move it two squares, and then move the rook over it. Although some players castle by picking up the king with one hand and the rook with the other, this is contrary to the rules of chess which require that each move be completed using only a single hand. Under most tournament rules, if one picks up the rook first, one is obliged to move just that rook instead of castling.

Exceptions

Some chess variants have modified castling rules to handle modified starting positions. For an example, see the rules of Fischer Random Chess.

In chess problems, castling is assumed to be allowed if king and rook stand on their initial squares, unless it can be proved by retrograde analysis that one or both of them must have previously moved.

Notable castling

Viktor Korchnoi, in his 1974 Candidates final match with Anatoly Karpov, famously asked the arbiter if castling was legal when the castling rook was under attack. The answer was in the affirmative, and Korchnoi ended up winning the game.

Three castlings occurred in the game bewtween Mark Heidenfeld and Nick Kerins, in Dublin in 1973. Of course, the third one was illegal. See this link, "Greatest number of castlings".

Footnotes

External links

FIDE rules (Castling is rule 3.8, part ii)

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