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Bitola is an important administrative, cultural, industrial, commercial and educational centre in the south-western part of the Republic of Macedonia. The city is located in the southern part of the Pelagonia valley, surrounded by the Baba and Nidze mountains, just 15 km north from the border with Greece. The town is an important junction connecting the south of the Adriatic Sea with the Aegean Sea and Central Europe. It is known from the Ottoman period as the city of the consuls, as many European countries had consulates in Bitola. According to some sources Bitola is the second largest town in the country The Omri Annual Survey (1996): Forging ahead, falling behind, page 137 and by others third.http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&dat=200&srt=pnan&col=aohdqcfbeimg&geo=-139 Bitola is also center of the Bitola municipality.
Name
As a city with a long and rich historical tradition, Bitola had different names in various periods of the past. The present Macedonian name Битола (Bitola) and the former official name of the city Manastır probably mean the same thing: a monastery. The name of the city in other languages is: Aromanian: Bituli, Greek: Μοναστήρι (Monastiri), Albanian: Manastiri and Turkish: Manastır, Bulgarian: Битоля, Serbian: Bitolj. During the Ottoman rule the city was called Monastir and when Serbia gained the city after the First Balkan War (1913), it was renamed to Bitolj.
According to Adrian Room, the present name is derived from the old Slavic word Obitel (monastery). Namely, the city was formerly noted for its monastery and hence its name, from Slavic Obitel monastery, literally abode. When the meaning of the name was no longer understood, it lost its prefix o. Hence also the city’s alternate Turkish name Manastır. Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features by Adrian Room, page 58. The name Bitola is mentioned in the Bitola inscription found in 1956 and related to the old city fortress built in 1015. This name was also mentioned in one of the treaties of Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria in 1014 . William of Tyre (1139 - 1186) mentioned in one old writing the town for the first time under the name Butela. In the 12th century, the Arab traveller Idrisi wrote: "It takes two days to travel from Ahrida (Ohrid) to Butili (Bitola) to the east. Butili is a wonderful, nice town".
On the other hand, two 19th century travelleres, Ami Boué and Von Hahn, advanced alternative theories. The former suggested that it derives from the Albanian word vittolja which means dove, on the basis that the place was inhabited by Albanian speaking populations before the Slavs, and that this is connected with the nearby mountain Peristeri, which means pigeon in Greek Boué A., Recueil d'itinéraires dans la Turquie d' Europe, Vienne 1854, 1, p. 257.. The latter prefers to derive it from the Slavonic obitavati, (to inhabit) and considers it a translation of the name Monastir. This later name originated in the monastery of Bukova itself.Hahn, J.G., Reise von Belgrad nach Salonik, Wien 1868, p. 115..
Overview
The city is dispersed along the banks of the Dragor river at an altitude of 2,019 ft (615 m) above sea level under Baba Mountain. Spreading on an area of 1,798 sq. km. and with a population of 122,173 (1991), Bitola is an important industrial, agricultural, commercial, educational, and cultural center. It represents an important junction that connects the South of the Adriatic Sea with the Aegean Sea and Central Europe.The second Macedonian university is located here. Bitola has one of the oldest and most prestigious theaters in the country.
Traditionally a strong trading center, Bitola is also known as the city of the consuls. At one time during the Ottoman rule, Bitola had consulates from twelve countries. During the same period, there were a number of prestigious schools in the city including a military academy that, among others, was attended by the famous Turkish reformer Kemal Ataturk. Bitola was also the headquarter of many cultural organizations that were established at that time.
Baba Mountain overlooks Bitola from the east. Its magnificent Pelister mountain (2601 m) is a national park with exquisite flora and fauna, and a well-known ski resort.
History
Many important events in Macedonian and Balkan history took place in Bitola.
Prehistory
Bitola area is very rich with monuments dating back from the prehistoric period. The most important ones are: Velushka tumba, Tumba bara near the village of Porodin etc. From the Copper Age are the settlements of Tumba near the village of Crnobuki, Shuplevec near the village of Suvodol and Visok Rid near the village of Bukri. The Bronze age is represented by the settlements of Tumba near the village of Kanino and the settlement with the same name near the village of Karamani.
Ancient period
From the ancient period are important the metal artefacts from the necropolis of Crkvishte near the village of Beranci.
Heraclea Lyncestis is an important settlement that was founded by Philip II of Macedon in the 4th century BC and was one of the major cities in the Roman Balkans. The famous Roman road Via Egnatia passed through the town. As Romans finally conquered this part of Macedonia in 148 BC, Heraclea Lyncestis achieved big prosperity. In the early Christian period (IV-VI BC) Heraclea was episcope centre. Heraclea loses his importance at the end of the VI century. Several monuments from the Roman times are found in Heraclea, including a portico, thermae, horseshoe-shaped theatre and a number of basilicas. One of the most important momuments in the site is the large Roman theatre: with a capacity of 3000 seats. Excavations confirmed that Heraclea was an important episcope residence for a long time. For example, three naves in the Large Basilica are covered with mosaics among the richest of iconographic accomplishment. These well preserved mosaics represent the Christian universe and are masterpieces of early Christian art. The names of bishops from Heraklea are known from the 4th, 5th, and 6th century. The town was sacked by Theodoric in 472 and, despite a large gift to him from the bishop of the city, again in 479. Heraklea was restored in the late 5th and early 6th century; it was taken over by the Slavs in the late 6th century.
Arrival of Slavic population
In the 6th and 7th century the region around Bitola experienced a demographic shift as more and more Slavic tribes settled in the area. They also built a defence fortress around the settlement. Bitola was conquered and remained part of the First Bulgarian Empire from late 8th to the beginning of 11th century. The spreading of Christianity among the population was assisted by St. Clement of Ohrid and Naum of Preslav in the 9th and the beginning of the 10th century. In that period many monasteries and churches were built in the city.
In the X century Bitola existed under the rule of tsar Samuil of Bulgaria's state. He built a castle in the town, later used by his successor Gavril Radomir. The town is mentioned in several medieval sources. John Skylitzes's 11th century chronicle mentions that Emperor Basil II burned Gavril's castles in Monastiri, when passing through and ravaging Pelagonia. The second chrysobull (1019) of Basil II mentioned that the Bishop of Monastiri depended on the Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid. During the reign of Tsar Samuil, the city was an important centre in the Bulgarian state and the seat of the Bitola bishopric. In many mediaeval sources, especially Western, the name Pelagonia stood as a synonimous of the Bitola Bishopric, and in some of them Bitola was known under the name of Heraclea due to the church tradition i.e. the turning of Heraclea Bishopric into Pelagonian Metropolitan's Diocese. In 1015, tsar Gavril Radomir was killed by his cousin Ivan Vladislav, who declared himself tsar and rebuilt the city fortress. To celebrate the occasion, a stone inscription written in the Cyrillic alphabet was set in the fortress where the Slavic name of the city is mentioned: Bitol.
Following the battles between the Byzantine emperor Basil II and tsar Ivan Vladislav, in 1015 Basil II conquered Bitola. The town is mentioned in 1019 in one writing by Basil II as an episcopal centre. Two important uprisings against Byzantine rule took place in the Bitola area in 1040 and 1072.
After the restoration of the Bulgarian state in late 11th century, Bitola was incorporated into it under the rule of Bulgarian tsar of Bulgaria|Kalojan, only to be later conquered again by Byzantium at the end of the 13th century. Bitola became part of Serbia in the first half of 14th century following the conquests of Stefan Dušan. As a center of military, political and cultural life, Bitola played a very important role in the life of the mediaeval society in the region prior to the Ottoman conquest. On the eve of the Ottoman conquest (mid-14th century), Bitola experienced a powerful boom, having well-established trading links all over the Balkan Peninsula, especially with big economic centers: Constantinople, Thessaloniki, Ragusa, Tarnovo|Tarnovo... Caravans of most variable goods moved to Bitola from all sides and reverse, from Bitola to all other centers.
Ottoman rule
Since the end of the 14th century until 1912 Bitola was part of the Ottoman Empire. Strong battles took place near the city during the arrival of Turkish forces. The Turkish rule was completely established after the death of Prince Marko in 1395. For several centuries Moslems were the majority in this city, while the villages were populated mostly with Macedonian Slavs. Evliya Çelebi says in his Book of Travels the city had 70 mosques, several cafe-tea rooms, a bazaar (old Turkish market) with iron gates and 900 shops. Bitola (then Monastir) become a sanjak centre in the Rumeli eyalet. After the Expulsion of 1492, Spanish-speaking Jews arrived in waves from the Iberian peninsula, (Spain and Portugal) harassed and persecuted by the Inquisition.
After the Austrian-Turkish wars, together with the other Macedonian cities, the trade development and the overall thriving of the city was stifled. In the second half of the 19th century, however, again, it became the biggest city in Macedonia, after Salonica and resumed the role as the main centre for trade. The shops were filled with goods from Leipzig, Paris, Vienna, London and many of other European cities. The city is also known as "city of consuls", because Bitola used to be a diplomatic center with 12 consuls during the period 1878–1913. In 1864, Bitola became an eyalet. The vilayet of Monastir (Bitola) included the towns of Bitola, Debar, Kicevo, Prilep, Elbasan, Korcha, Florina, Kastoria and Grevena. There is often opposing ethnographic data from that period. According to the 1911 Ottoman census, Greeks were the largest Christian population in the vilayet of Monastir. This census recorded 740,000 Greeks, 517,000 Bulgarians and 1,061,000 Muslims in the vilayets of Selanik (Thessaloniki) and Manastir. On the other side, according to Ottoman register of Bedel-I Askeriye Tax of 1873 the male population of Monastir (Bitola) vilayet consisted of approximately 150 000 Bulgarians, 40 000 Muslims and only 700 Greeks. The Ottoman population data from 1901 counts 566 000 Slavs, 363 000 Turks and 260 000 Greeks in the Thessaloniki and Monastir vilayets.*. In 1894 Bitola was connected with Thessaloniki by train.
The first motion picture made in the Balkans was recorded by the Aromanian Manakis brothers in Bitola in 1903. In their honor, the annual Manaki Brothers International Film Camera Festival is held in Bitola. The Monastir congress of 1908 which defined the modern Albanian alphabet was held in Bitola.
Ilinden Uprising
The Ilinden Uprising was started according to the decision made in 1903 in Thessaloniki by IMRO (SMARO). Goce Delchev was against the timing of the uprising, because he said that it was too early, for the people were not yet prepared for such an action. He was killed on 4 May 1903 near the village of Banitza (today in Greece). The uprising actions in the Bitola are were planned in the village of Smilevo in May 1903. Bitola region was one of the strongholds of the uprising. The battles between the rebels and the Ottoman army were fought in the villages of Bistrica, Rakovo, Buf, Skocivir, Paralovo, Brod, Novaci, Smilevo, Gjavato, Capari etc. Smilevo was defended by 600 rebels leaded by Dame Gruev and Georgi Sugarev, but they defeated at the end and villages were set on fire. Ilinden uprising was one of the brightest moments in the battle for independence and creation of independent Macedonian state.
Balkan wars
In 1912 Montenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece were fighting with Ottoman army in the First Balkan War. According to the Treaty of Bucharest, 1913, the region of Macedonia was divided in 3 parts among Greeks, Serbs and Bulgarians. In 18 September 1912 the Serbian army entered the city and refused to hand it to Bulgaria as was provided by the two-countries' pre-war alliance agreement. From that moment the city started to loose its importance and the population started rapidly to drop, mainly to emigrate for Bulgaria or the New World.
World War I
During World War I Bitola was on the Thessaloniki front line. In 1915 Bulgarian forces took the city and Serbian forces were forced to either surrender or leave it and seek a dangerous escape route through the Albanian mountains. In 1916, Bitola was occupied by the Allied Powers which entered the city from the South fighting the Bulgarian army. Bitola was divided into French, Russian, Italian and Serbian regions, under the command of French general Sikr. Until Bulgaria's surrender in late autumn 1918, Bitola remained a frontline city and was almost every day bombarded by airplanes and battery and suffered almost total destruction.
Between two world wars
After the end of World War I (1918) Bitola was included in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later called the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The artificial border with Greece, set just 14 kilometers from the town, produced very bad results on the town's economy and development. The city's decline continued throughout the period, together with the general decline in Serbian Macedonia, which remained one of the poorest regions in Yugoslavia.
World War II
During the Second World War (1941-1945), the Germans and later Bulgarians took control of the city. After Bulgaria switched part in the war and withdrew from Yugoslavia in September 1944, the city was occupied by Macedonian Pro-Titoist Partisans. On 4th November 1944, the members of the 7th Macedonian Liberation Brigade entered Bitola victoriously. After the end of the war, a Macedonian state was established for the first time in history, within Yugoslavia. In order to achieve this goal, about 25.000 people gave their lives on the altar of freedom of their country. In 1945, the first Gymnasium (high school) using the Macedonian language was opened in Bitola.
Historical buildings
- Saat kula - The Clock Tower. It is not known when the clock tower was built, although according to the written sources it was mentioned already in the 16th century, but because of the lack of any description, it is not clear if it is about the same clock-tower. According to some, the clock-tower was built in the same time with the church St.Dimitrija in 1830. Nowadays still exists the legend "that the Turkish authorities of that time collected from the Bitola county villages around 60 000 eggs and used them in the construction together with the mortar, in order to make the walls more resistant and strong." The Clock tower has rectangular base and it is about 30 meters high. On the upper part-by the very top there is a terrace in rectangular form and it is fenced with iron fence. On each sides of the fence there is iron console construction which holds the lamps for lighting the watch.
- The church of St.Dimitrija was built in 1830 with voluntary contributions of the local merchants and craftsmen. Since in the Ottoman Empire the churches were supposed look plain on the outside, the church is lavishly decorated on the inside, in order to make up for the lack of splendor on the outside. The interior of the church is of rear beauty, decorated with polielei (church lamps), carved bishop throne and engraved iconostasis. According to some theories by professionals, the church iconostasis is a work of art of the Miyak engravers. The most impressive feature of the iconostasis is the arc above the imperial quarters with modeled figures of Jesus and the twelve apostles.
- The Ajdar-kadi (Turkish judge) mosque is one of the most attractive monuments of the Islamic architecture in Bitola. It was built in 1561-1562, as the project of the famous architect Mimar Sinan, ordered by the Bitola kadija Ajdar-kadi. The mosque was abandoned and over time, it was heavily damaged, but, the recent restoration and conservation works, have restored, to a certain extent, the original appearance to the mosque.
- The Jeni mosque is located in the centre of the city. It has a square base, topped with a cupola. Near the mosque there is a minaret, 40 m high. Today, in the rooms of this mosque are permanent and temporary art exhibitions are held.
- The Ishak mosque is the inheritance of the famous kadi Ishak Çelebi. In the spacious yard of the mosque, there are several tombs, attractive because of the soft, molded shapes of the sarcophagi.
- The Bazaar (the old Turkish market) is mentioned in another description of the city from the 16th and the 17th century. The present Bezisten in external appearance does not differ much from the original one. The Bezisten had 86 shops and 4 large iron gates. The shops were used for selling textiles, and today they are being used for selling food products.
- The Bath Deboj (Turkish bath=hamam). The period of construction is not known. This hamam over time was heavily destroyed, but, after the repairs were made it regained its original appearance: beautiful facade, two large cupolas and several minor ones.
Bitola today
Bitola is the main economical and industrial center in the south-western part of Macedonia. Many of the largest companies in Macedonia are situated in the city. Bitola has a vast economic potential. The Pelagonija agricultural combine is the largest producer of food in the country. The Streževo water system is the largest in Macedonia and has the best technological facilities. The three thermoelectric power stations of REK Bitola produce nearly 80% of electricity in the state. The Frinko refrigerate factory is a leading electrical and metal company. Bitola also has significant capacities in textile and food industries.
Bitola nowadays is turning into the second diplomatic center of Macedonia. Austria, Slovenia, France, Turkey, Italy, United Kingdom, Russia, Romania, Greece and other countries have already opened consulates there.
Education
St. Clement of Ohrid University of Bitola (Macedonian:Универзитет Св. Климент Охридски - Битола) is the second university in the Republic of Macedonia. It was formed in 1979, as a result of dispersed processes that occurred in education in the seventies, and increasing demand of highly skilled professionals outside the Republic’s capital. Since 1994, it carries the name of the great Slavic educator St. Clement of Ohrid. Institutions that are part of the university are located in Bitola, Ohrid and Prilep, but the headquarters are in Bitola. University with its additions in development of higher education and scientific thought has succeeded to establish itself, accomplishing permanent cooperation with University of St. Cyril and Methodius from Skopje and with other universities from Balkan and European countries. The following higher educational institutions and scientific-research organizations are part of this University:
- Technical Faculty – Bitola
- Economical Faculty – Prilep
- Faculty of Tourism and Leisure management – Ohrid
- Teachers Faculty – Bitola
- Faculty of biotechnological sciences – Bitola
- Medical college – Bitola
- Tobacco institute – Prilep
- Hydro-biological institute – Ohrid
- Slavic cultural institute – Prilep
Lesser degrees of education in the city are covered by seven high schools and many primary schools.
Events
Manaki Brothers International Film Camera festival
This festival is considered one of the oldest festivals of cinematography in the world. It is organized by organized by the Macedonian Film Professionals Association and sponsored by the government of the Republic of Macedonia, in honour of the Manaki brothers that made the first motion picture on Balkan Peninsula in 1905.Heraclea Evenings
Heraclea festival is annual event held each summer, basically in the Heraclea Lyncestis antic amphitheatre. Many international performers contributed in the festival in the past years. Alongside with the musical part of the festival, the drama took more and more important part at the event. Shakespeare, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, Bertolt Brecht, Molière and many other pieces are being presented by many foreign or domestic artists.Interfest festival
It is an international festival dedicated mainly to the classical music. In addition to the classical music concerts, the festival presents modern music, theatre plays, art exhibitions and literature presentations. In 2002, the festival celebrated its 10th anniversary. The festival gathers many international renowned musicians.
Bitola Cultural Summer
An annual event with the long tradition. Each year between 1 July and 10 August, the citizens of Bitola and other visitors can enjoy concerts, theatre plays, ballet performances, and many more events offered in the summer months.
Monodrama Theatre Festival
Several years ago Bitola's Cultural Center started a monodrama festival. The first festival of Macedonian monodrama was held in October 1999 with Macedonian participation only and had a non-competitive character. Nowadays this festival has gained an international character and takes place in July.Ilinden days
An international festival that is dedicated to the Ilinden uprising and its main goal is to represent the tradicional folk songs and dances of Macedonia and neighbouring countries. The festival is held each year in the beginning of august and it has a tradition of over 30 years. Many folklore ensembles from Macedonia and abroad participate in this festival.
Serenade festival
This festival of music was created by artists and musicians from Bitola and since then it is organized every year.
Small Bitola’s Monmartre
It represents a successful children's art festival. Children from all over the world come to express their imagination through arts that are later presented in the country and around the world. This festival is a winner of numerous awards and nominations.
People
- Manaki brothers, photographers and filmmakers (born in Avdela, lived in Bitola for 60 years)
- Kiril Makedonski, musician
- Petar Sidovski, composer
- Milko Lozanovski, composer
- Slave Dimitrov, musician
- Kire Kostov, musician
- Petar Georgiev-Kalica, musician
- Miodrag Necak, composer
- Marjan Necak, singer
- Saska Petkovska, singer
- Biljana Damjanovska, singer
- Olgica Hristova, singer
- Karolina Gočeva, singer
- Margarita Hristova, singer
- Hristijan Spirovski, piano performer
- Sefedin Bajramov, singer
Twin towns
Bitola participates in town twinning to foster good international relations. Its current partners include:
References
Bibliography
- Basil Gounaris, "From Peasants into Urbanites, from Village into Nation: Ottoman Monastir in the Early Twentieth Century", European History Quarterly 31:1 (2001), pp. 43-63. online copy
External links
Cities in the Republic of Macedonia
Битоля | Bitola | Bitola | Μοναστήρι (ΠΓΔΜ) | Bitola | بیتولا | Bitola | Bitola | Bitola | Битола | Bitola | Bitola | Bitola | Bitola | Manastiri | Битољ | Bitola | Manastır
"Bitola"