Baudhāyana, (fl. ca. 800 BC) was an Indian mathematician, who was most likely also a priest. He is noted as the author of the earliest Sulba Sutra — appendices to the Vedas giving rules for the construction of altars — called the Baudhāyana Sulba Sutra, which contained several important mathematical results. He is older to other famous mathematician Apastambha. He belongs to Yajurveda school.

Shrauta (Dharma) sutras

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He is the author of shrauta-sutras related to performing to vedic sacrifices which has followers in Saiva-brahmins(gurukul or sivacharyas) of Tamilnadu ,yajurvedis of Namboodiris of kerela etc.

Pythagorean theorem

The most notable of the theorems in the Baudhāyana Sulba Sutra says:

dīrghasyākṣaṇayā rajjuH pārśvamānī, tiryaDaM mānī,
cha yatpṛthagbhUte kurutastadubhayāṅ karoti.

A rope stretched along the length of the diagonal produces an area which the vertical and horizontal sides make together.''

This appears to be referring to a rectangle, although some interpretations consider this to refer to a square. In either case, it states that the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the sides. If restricted to right-angled isosceles triangles, however, it would constitute a less general claim, but the text seems to be quite open to unequal sides.

Clearly this is the earliest statement of the what is known today as the Pythagorean theorem.

Baudhayana also provides a proof of the Pythagorean theorem for an isosceles right triangle:

The cord which is stretched across a square produces an area double the size of the original square.

This statement suggests a construction from which the proof of the quoted statement is obvious.

Circling the Square

Another problem tackled by Baudhayana is that of finding a circle whose area is the same as that of a square (the reverse of squaring the circle). His sutra i.58 gives this construction:

Draw half its diagonal about the centre towards the East-West line; then describe a circle together with a third part of that which lies outside the square.

Explanation:

• Draw the half-diagonal of the square, which is larger than the half-side by $x\; =\; \{a\; \backslash over\; 2\}\backslash sqrt\{2\}-\; \{a\; \backslash over\; 2\}$.
• Then draw a circle with radius $\{a\; \backslash over\; 2\}\; +\; \{x\; \backslash over\; 3\}$, or $\{a\; \backslash over\; 2\}\; +\; \{a\; \backslash over\; 6\}(\backslash sqrt\{2\}-1)$, which equals $\{a\; \backslash over\; 6\}(2\; +\; \backslash sqrt\{2\})$.
• Now $(2+\backslash sqrt\{2\})^2\; =\; 11.66\; \backslash approx\; \{36\backslash over\; \backslash pi\}$, so this turns out to be $a^2\; \backslash times\; \{\backslash pi\; \backslash over\; 4\}\; \backslash times\; \{11.66\; \backslash over\; 9\}$ which is about $a^2$.

Square root of 2

baudhAyana i.61-2 (elaborated in Apastamba Sulbasutra i.6) gives this formula for square root of two:

''samasya dvikaraNI. pramANaM tritIyena vardhayet
tachchaturthAnAtma chatusastriMshenena savisheShaH.

$\backslash sqrt\{2\}\; =\; 1\; +\; \backslash frac\{1\}\{3\}\; +\; \backslash frac\{1\}\{3\; \backslash cdot\; 4\}\; -\; \backslash frac\{1\}\{3\; \backslash cdot4\; \backslash cdot\; 34\}\; =\; \backslash frac\{577\}\{408\}\; \backslash approx\; 1.414216$

which is correct to five decimals.

Other theorems include: diagonals of rectangle bisect each other, diagonals of rhombus bisect at right angles, area of a square formed by joining the middle points of a square is half of original, the midpoints of a rectangle joined forms a rhombus whose area is half the rectangle, etc.

Note the emphasis on rectangles and squares; this arises from the need to specify yajNa bhUmikAs -- i.e. the altar on which a rituals were conducted, including fire offerings (yajNa).

Apastamba (c. 600 BC) and Katyayana (c. 200 BC), authors of other sulba sutras, extend some of Baudhayana's ideas. Apastamba provides a more general proof of the Pythagorean theorem.

References

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• George Gheverghese Joseph. The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics, 2nd Edition. Penguin Books, 2000. ISBN 0-14-027778-1.
• Vincent J. Katz. A History of Mathematics: An Introduction, 2nd Edition. Addison-Wesley, 1998. ISBN 0-321-01618-1
• S. Balachandra Rao, Indian Mathematics and Astronomy: Some Landmarks. Jnana Deep Publications, Bangalore, 1998. ISBN 81-9100962-0-6.
• St Andrews University, 2000.
• J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson. The Indian Sulbasutras at the MacTutor archive. St Andrews University, 2000.
• Ian G. Pearce. Sulba Sutras at the MacTutor archive. St Andrews University, 2002.

See also

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• Indian mathematics
• Indian mathematicians

Indian mathematicians | Ancient mathematicians