Atomic units (au) form a system of units convenient for atomic physics, electromagnetism, and quantum electrodynamics, especially when the focus is on the properties of electrons. In au, the numerical values of the following six physical constants are all unity by definition:

• Two properties of the electron, its mass and charge;
• Two properties of the hydrogen atom, its Bohr radius and the absolute value of its electric potential energy in the ground state;
• Two constants, Dirac's and that for Coulomb's Law.

Fundamental units

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Fundamental Atomic Units
Quantity	Name	Symbol	SI value	Planck unit scale
length	Bohr radius	a0	5.291 772 108(18)×10-11 m	10-35 m
mass	electron rest mass	me	9.109 3826(16)×10-31 kg	10-8 kg
charge	elementary charge	e	1.602 176 53(14)×10-19 C	10-18 C
angular momentum	Dirac's constant	$\backslash hbar\; =\; h/2\; \backslash pi$	1.054 571 68(18)×10-34 J s	(same)
energy	Hartree energy	Eh	4.359 744 17(75)×10-18 J	109 J
electrostatic force constant	Coulomb's constant	1/(4πε0)	8.9875516×109 C-2 N m2	(same)

These six quantities are not independent; to normalize all six quantities to 1, it suffices to normalize any four of them to 1. The normalizations of the Hartree energy and Coulomb's constant, for example, are only an incidental consequence of normalizing the other four quantities.

Some derived units

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Derived Atomic Units
Quantity	Expression	SI value	Planck unit scale
time	$\backslash frac\{\backslash hbar\}\{E\_h\}$	2.418 884 326 505(16)×10-17 s	10-43 s
velocity	$\backslash frac\{a\_0\; E\_h\}\{\backslash hbar\}$	2.187 691 2633(73)×106 m s-1	108 m s-1
force	$\backslash frac\{E\_h\}\{a\_o\}$	8.238 7225(14)×10-8 N	1044 N
current	$\backslash frac\{eE\_h\}\{\backslash hbar\}$	6.623 617 82(57)×10-3 A	1026 A
temperature	$\backslash frac\{E\_h\}\{k\_B\}$	3.157 7464(55)×105 K	1032 K

Comparison with Planck units

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Both Planck units and au are derived from certain fundamental properties of the physical world, and are free of anthropocentric considerations. To facilitate comparing the two systems of units, the above tables show the order of magnitude, in SI units, of the Planck unit corresponding to each atomic unit. Generally, when an atomic unit is "large" in SI terms, the corresponding Planck unit is "small," and vice versa. It should be kept in mind that au were designed for atomic-scale calculations in the present-day Universe, while Planck units are more suitable for quantum gravity and early-Universe cosmology.

Both au and Planck units normalize the Dirac constant and the Coulomb force constant to 1. Beyond this, Planck units normalize to 1 the two fundamental constants of general relativity and cosmology: the gravitational constant G and the speed of light in a vacuum, c. Letting α denote the fine structure constant, the au value of c is α^-1 ≈ 137.036.

Atomic units, by contrast, normalize to 1 the mass and charge of the electron, and a₀, the Bohr radius of the hydrogen atom. Normalizing a₀ to 1 amounts to normalizing the Rydberg constant, R_∞, to 4π/α = 4πc. Given au, the Bohr magneton μ_B=1/2. The corresponding Planck value is e/2m_e. Finally, au normalize a unit of atomic energy to 1, while Planck units normalize to 1 Boltzmann's constant k, which relates energy and temperature.

Quantum mechanics and electrodynamics simplified

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The (non-relativistic) Schrödinger equation in SI units is

$-\; \backslash frac\{\backslash hbar^2\}\{2m\_e\}\; \backslash nabla^2\; \backslash psi(\backslash mathbf\{r\},\; t)\; +\; V(\backslash mathbf\{r\})\; \backslash psi(\backslash mathbf\{r\},\; t)\; =\; i\; \backslash hbar\; \backslash frac\{\backslash partial\; \backslash psi\}\{\backslash partial\; t\}\; (\backslash mathbf\{r\},\; t)$.

The same equation in au is

$-\; \backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}\; \backslash nabla^2\; \backslash psi(\backslash mathbf\{r\},\; t)\; +\; V(\backslash mathbf\{r\})\; \backslash psi(\backslash mathbf\{r\},\; t)\; =\; i\; \backslash frac\{\backslash partial\; \backslash psi\}\{\backslash partial\; t\}\; (\backslash mathbf\{r\},\; t)$.

For the special case of the hydrogen atom, the electronic Hamiltonian in SI units is:

$\backslash hat\; H\; =\; -\; \backslash nabla^2\}\; -\; \{1\; \backslash over\; \{4\; \backslash pi\; \backslash epsilon\_0\}\}$,

while atomic units transform the preceding equation into

$\backslash hat\; H\; =\; -\; \backslash nabla^2\}\; -$.

Finally, Maxwell's equations take the following elegant form in au:

$\backslash nabla\; \backslash cdot\; \backslash mathbf\{E\}\; =\; 4\backslash pi\backslash rho$

$\backslash nabla\; \backslash cdot\; \backslash mathbf\{B\}\; =\; 0$

$\backslash nabla\; \backslash times\; \backslash mathbf\{E\}\; =\; -\backslash alpha\; \backslash frac\{\backslash partial\; \backslash mathbf\{B\}\}\; \{\backslash partial\; t\}$

$\backslash nabla\; \backslash times\; \backslash mathbf\{B\}\; =\; \backslash alpha\; \backslash left(\; \backslash frac\{\backslash partial\; \backslash mathbf\{E\}\}\; \{\backslash partial\; t\}\; +\; 4\backslash pi\; \backslash mathbf\{J\}\; \backslash right)$

(There is actually some ambiguity in defining the atomic unit of magnetic field. The above Maxwell equations use the "Gaussian" convention, in which a plane wave has electric and magnetic fields of equal magnitude. In the "Lorentz force" convention, a factor of α is absorbed into B.)

See also

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Planck units

External links

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• CODATA Internationally recommended values of the Fundamental Physical Constants.

Systems of units | Atomic physics

Unità atomiche | Atomare Einheiten | 原子単位 | Jednostki atomowe | Atomske enote