article

The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway , often abbreviated as Santa Fe, was one of the largest railroads in the United States. The company was first chartered in February, 1859. Although the railway was named in part for the capital of New Mexico, its main line never reached there as the terrain made it too difficult to lay the necessary tracks (Santa Fe was ultimately served by a branch line from Lamy, New Mexico). The Santa Fe's first tracks reached the Kansas/Colorado state line in 1873, and connected to Pueblo, Colorado in 1876. In order to help fuel the railroad's profitability, the Santa Fe set up real estate offices and sold farm land from the land grants that the railroad was awarded by Congress; these new farms would create a demand for transportation (both freight and passenger service) that was, quite conveniently, offered by the Santa Fe.

Ever the innovator, Santa Fe was one of the pioneers in intermodal freight service, an enterprise that (at one time or another) included a tugboat fleet and an airline, the short-lived Santa Fe Skyway. A bus line allowed the company to extend passenger transportation service to areas not accessible by rail, and ferry boats on the San Francisco Bay allowed travellers to complete their westward journeys all the way to the Pacific Ocean. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway officially ceased operations on December 31, 1996 when it merged with the Burlington Northern Railroad to form the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway.

History

Startup and initial growth

The railroad's charter, written single-handedly by Cyrus K. Holliday in January 1859, was approved by the state's governor on February 11 of that year as the Atchison and Topeka Railroad Company for the purpose of building a rail line from Topeka, Kansas, to Santa Fe, New Mexico, and then on to the Gulf of Mexico. On May 3, 1863, two years after Kansas gained statehood, the railroad changed names to more closely match the aspirations of its founder to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad. The railroad broke ground in Topeka on October 30, 1868 and started building westward where one of the first construction tasks was to cross the Kaw River. The first section of track opened on April 26, 1869 (less than a month prior to completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad) with special trains between Topeka and Pauline. The distance was only 6 miles (10 km), but the Wakarusa Creek Picnic Special train took passengers over the route for celebration in Pauline.

Crews continued working westward, reaching Dodge City on September 5 1872. With this connection, the Santa Fe was able to compete for cattle transportation with the Kansas Pacific Railway. Construction continued, and the Santa Fe opened the last section of track between Topeka and the Colorado/Kansas border on December 23 1873. The Santa Fe's tracks reached Pueblo, Colorado on March 1 1876. Serving Pueblo opened a number of new freight opportunities for the railroad as it now could haul coal from Colorado eastward.

Building across Kansas and eastern Colorado may have been technologically simple as there weren't many large natural obstacles in the way (certainly not as many as the railroad was about to encounter further west), but the Santa Fe found it almost economically impossible because of the sparse population in the area. To combat this problem, the Santa Fe set up real estate offices in the area and vigorously promoted settlement across Kansas on the land that was granted to the railroad by Congress in 1863. The Santa Fe offered discounted passenger fares to anyone who travelled west on the railroad to inspect the land; if the land was subsequently purchased by the traveller, the railroad applied the passenger's ticket price toward the sale of the land.

Now that the railroad had built across the plains and had a customer base providing income for the firm, it was time for the railroad to tackle the difficult terrain of the Rocky Mountains.

Crossing the Rockies, competition with the Rio Grande

Construction over the Rocky Mountains was slow, difficult and went as far as armed conflict with competitors such as the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad in Colorado and New Mexico, and after capturing Raton Pass, the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) in Arizona and California (such as that between SP and Santa Fe subsidiary California Southern Railroad at Colton, California in 1883).

The troubles for the railroad were more than just skirmishes with competitors. In the late 1880s, George C. Magoun, who had worked his way to become Chairman of the Board of Directors for the railroad, was progressively losing his own health. In 1889 the railroad's stock price, which was closely linked in the public's eye with the successes of the railroad's chairman, fell from nearly States dollar|$" target="_blank" >*140 per share to around $20 per share. Magoun's health continued to deteriorate along with the stock price and Magoun died on December 20, 1893. The Santa Fe entered receivership three days later on December 23 1893, with J. W. Reinhart, John J. McCook and Joseph C. Wilson appointed as receivers.


Expansion through mergers

A brief look at some key figures comparing the railroad's extent between 1870 and 1945 shows just how much the railroad had grown:

1870 1945
Gross operating revenue States dollar $528,080,530
Total track length 62 miles (100 km) 13,115 miles (21,107 km)
Freight carried 98,920 tons 59,565,100 tons
Passengers carried 33,630 11,264,000
Locomotives owned 6 1,759
Unpowered rolling stock owned 141 81,974 freight cars
1,436 passenger cars
Source: Santa Fe Railroad (1945), Along Your Way, Rand McNally, Chicago, Illinois.


Predecessors, subsidiary railroads, and leased lines

The failed SPSF merger

The Southern Pacific Santa Fe Railroad (SPSF) was a proposed merger between the parent companies of the Southern Pacific and Santa Fe railroads announced on December 23, 1983. As a part of the joining of the two firms, all of the rail and non-rail assets owned by Santa Fe Industries and the Southern Pacific Transportation Company was placed under the control of a holding company, the Santa Fe–Southern Pacific Corporation. The merger was subsequently denied by the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) on the basis that it would create too many duplicate routes.

The companies were so confident that the merger would be approved they began repainting locomotives and non-revenue rolling stock in a new unified paint scheme. After the ICC's denial, railfans joked that SPSF really stood for "Shouldn't Paint So Fast". While the Southern Pacific was sold off, all of the California real estate holdings were consolidated in a new company, Catellus Development Corporation, making it the State's largest private land owner. Some time later, Catellus would purchase the Union Pacific Railroad's interest in the Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal (LAUPT).

Merger into BNSF

On December 31, 1996 the ATSF merged with the Burlington Northern Railroad to form the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway. Some of the challenges resulting from the joining of the two companies included the establishment of a common dispatching system, the unionizaton of Santa Fe's non-union dispatchers, and incorporating the Santa Fe's train identification codes throughout.

Company officers

Presidents of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway:

Passenger train service

The Santa Fe was widely known for its passenger train service in the first half of the 20th century. The Santa Fe introduced many innovations in passenger rail travel, among these the "Pleasure Domes" of the Super Chief (billed as the "...only dome car* between Chicago and Los Angeles" when they were introduced in 1951) and the "Big Dome"-Lounge cars and double-decker "Hi-Level" cars of the El Capitan, which entered revenue service in 1954. The Santa Fe was among the first railroads to add dining cars to its passenger train consists in 1891, following the examples of the Northern Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads. Dining along the Santa Fe was often a memorable experience, whether it be on-board in a dining car, or at one of the many Harvey House restaurants that were strategically located throughout the system.

In general, the same train name was used for both directions of a particular train. The exceptions to this rule included the Chicagoan and Kansas Cityan trains (both names referred to the same service, but the Chicagoan was the eastbound version, while the Kansas Cityan was the westbound version), and the Eastern Express and West Texas Express. All of the Santa Fe's trains that terminated in Chicago did so at Dearborn Station. Trains terminating in Los Angeles arrived at Santa Fe's La Grande Station until May, 1939 when the Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal (LAUPT) was opened.

To reach smaller communities, the railroad often operated Rail Diesel Cars (RDCs) for communities on the railroad, and bus connections were provided throughout the system via Santa Fe Trailways buses to other locations. These smaller trains generally were not named, only the train numbers were used to differentiate services.

The ubiquitous passenger service inspired the title of the 1946 Academy-Award-winning Johnny Mercer tune "On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe."

Regular revenue trains

The Santa Fe operated the following named trains on regular schedules:
  • The Angel: San Francisco, California — Los Angeles, California — San Diego, California
  • The Angelo: San Angelo, Texas — Fort Worth, Texas (on the GC&SF)
  • The Antelope: Oklahoma City, Oklahoma — Kansas City, Missouri
  • Atlantic Express: Los Angeles, California — Kansas City, Missouri (this was the eastbound version of the Los Angeles Express).
  • California Express: Chicago, Illinois — Kansas City, Missouri — Los Angeles, California
  • California Fast Mail: Chicago, Illinois — Los Angeles, California — San Francisco, California
  • California Limited: Chicago, Illinois — San Francisco, California (via Los Angeles)
  • California Special: Los Angeles, California — Clovis, New Mexico
  • Cavern: Clovis, New Mexico — Carlsbad, New Mexico (connected with the Scout).
  • Centennial State: Denver, Colorado — Chicago, Illinois
  • Central Texas Express: Sweetwater, Texas — Lubbock, Texas
  • Chicagoan: Kansas City, Missouri — Chicago, Illinois (this was the eastbound version of the Kansas Cityan passenger train).
  • Chicago Express: Newton, Kansas — Chicago, Illinois
  • Chicago Fast Mail: San Francisco, California — Los Angeles, California — Chicago, Illinois
  • Chicago-Kansas City Flyer: Chicago, Illinois — Kansas City, Missouri
  • The Chief: Chicago, Illinois — Los Angeles, California
  • Eastern Express: Lubbock, Texas — Amarillo, Texas (this was the eastbound version of the West Texas Express).
  • El Capitan: Chicago, Illinois — Los Angeles, California
  • El Pasoan: El Paso, Texas — Albuquerque, New Mexico
  • El Tovar: Los Angeles, California — Chicago, Illinois (via Belen)
  • Fargo Fast Mail/Express: Belen, New Mexico — Amarillo, Texas — Kansas City, Missouri — Chicago, Illinois
  • Fast Fifteen: Newton, Kansas — Galveston, Texas
  • Fast Mail Express: San Francisco, California (via Los Angeles) — Chicago, Illinois
  • Golden Gate: Oakland, California — Bakersfield, California with coordinated connecting bus service to Los Angeles and San Francisco
  • Grand Canyon Limited: Chicago, Illinois — Los Angeles, California
  • The Hopi: Los Angeles, California — Chicago, Illinois
  • Kansas Cityan: Chicago, Illinois — Kansas City, Missouri (this was the westbound version of the Chicagoan passenger train).
  • Kansas City Chief: Kansas City, Missouri — Chicago, Illinois
  • Los Angeles Express: Chicago, Illinois — Los Angeles, California (this was the westbound version of the Atlantic Express).
  • The Missionary: San Francisco, California — Belen, New Mexico — Amarillo, Texas — Kansas City, Missouri — Chicago, Illinois
  • Navajo: Chicago, Illinois — San Francisco, California (via Los Angeles)


    One-time and special trains

    Occasionally, a special train was chartered to make a high-profile run over the Santa Fe's track. These specials were not included in the railroad's regular revenue service lineup, but were intended as one-time (and usually one-way) traversals of the railroad. Some of the more notable specials include:

    Paint schemes and markings

    Steam locomotives


    Diesel locomotives, passenger

    Santa Fe's first set of diesel-electric passenger locomotives was placed in service on the Super Chief in 1936, and consisted of a pair of blunt-nosed units (EMD 1800 hp B-B) designated as Nos. 1 and 1A. The upper portion of the sides and ends of the units were painted gold, while the lower section was a dark olive green color; an olive stripe also ran along the sides and widened as it crossed the front of the locomotive.

    Riveted to the sides of the units were metal plaques bearing a large "Indian Head" logo, which owed its origin to the 1926 Chief "drumhead" logo. "Super Chief" was emblazoned on a plaque located on the front. The rooftop was light slate gray, rimmed by a red pinstripe. This unique combination of colors was referred to as the Golden Olive paint scheme [http://www.divisionpoint.com/photos/AT&SF_1spot/DP-3004-1Apilotdetail.jpg. Before entering service, Sterling McDonald's General Motors "Styling Department" augmented the look with the addition of red and blue striping along both the sides and ends of the units in order to enhance their appearance.

    In a little over a year the EMD E1 (a new and improved streamlined locomotive) would be pulling Super Chief and other passenger consists, resplendent in the now-famous Warbonnet paint scheme devised by Leland Knickerbocker of the GM "Art and Color Section." Reminiscent of a Native American ceremonial headdress, the scheme consisted of a red "bonnet" which wrapped around the front of the unit, that was bordered by a yellow stripe and black pinstripe. The extent of the bonnet varied according to the locomotive model, and was largely determined by the shape and length of the carbody. The remainder of the unit was either painted silver or was comprised of stainless steel panels.

    All units wore a nose emblem consisting of an elongated yellow "Circle and Cross" emblem with integral "tabs" on the nose and the sides, outlined and accented with black pinstripes, with variances according to the locomotive model. "SANTA FE" was displayed on the horizontal limb of the cross in black, Art Deco-style lettering. This emblem has come to be known as the "cigar band" due to its uncanny resemblance to the same. On all but the "Erie-built" units (which were essentially run as a demonstrator set), U28CGs, U30CGs, and FP45s, a three-part yellow and black stripe ran up the nose behind the band.

    A "Circle and Cross" motif (consisting of a yellow field, with red quadrants, outlined in black) was painted around the side windows on "as-delivered" E1 units. Similar designs were added to E3s, E6s, the DL109/110 locomotive set, and ATSF 1A after it was rebuilt and repainted. The sides of the units typically bore the words "SANTA FE" in black, 5"– or 9"–high extra extended Railroad Roman letters, as well as the "Indian Head" logo [http://www.railpictures.net/viewphoto.php?id=113864, with a few notable exceptions.

    Railway identity on diesel locomotives in passenger service:

    Locomotive Type "Indian Head" "Circle and Cross" "Santa Fe" Logotype Starting Year Comments
    ATSF 1 and 1A Yes Yes* Yes No 1937 "Circle and Cross" added to No. 1 after rebuild in May 1938
    EMD E1, E3, & E6 Yes* Yes Yes No 1937 "Indian Head" added to B units at a later date
    ALCO DL109/110 Yes* Yes Yes No 1941 No "Indian Head" on B unit
    EMD FT Yes* No Yes No 1941 "Indian Head" added to B units at a later date
    ALCO PA / PB Yes* No Yes No 1946 "Indian Head" added to B units at a later date
    EMD F3 Yes* No Yes No 1946 "Indian Head" on B units only
    FM Erie-built Yes* No Yes* No 1947 "Indian Head" and "SANTA FE" on A units only
    EMD F7 Yes* No Yes* No 1949 "Indian Head" on B units only; "SANTA FE" added in 1954
    EMD E8 Yes* No Yes No 1952 "Indian Head" on B units only
    GE U28CG No No No Yes 1967 "Santa Fe" logotype in large, red "billboard"-style letters
    GE U30CG No No Yes* No 1967 5"–high non-extended "SANTA FE" letters
    EMD FP45 No No Yes* No 1967 9"–high "SANTA FE" letters
    Source: Pelouze, Richard W. (1997). Trademarks of the Santa Fe Railway. The Santa Fe Railway Historical and Modeling Society, Inc., Highlands Ranch, CO. pp. 47–50.

    In later years, Santa Fe adapted the scheme to its gas-electric "doodlebug" units *. The standard for all of Santa Fe's passenger locomotives, the Warbonnet is considered by many to be the most recognized corporate logo in the railroad industry. Early in the Amtrak Era, Santa Fe embarked on a program to paint over the red bonnet on its F units that were still engaged in hauling passenger consists with yellow (also called Yellowbonnets) or dark blue (nicknamed Bluebonnets) as it no longer wanted to project the image of a passenger carrier.

    Image:Santa Fe F7 300C.jpg|Santa Fe #300C, an EMD F7A unit photographed in 1972, wears the conventional Warbonnet scheme. Due to space limitations, the "Indian Head" logo was omitted from FTA/F3A/F7A units. Image:ATSF Indian Head logo - F7B Unit Passenger Dec 76.jpg|An EMD F7B unit, photographed in December, 1976 carries the Santa Fe "Indian Head" logo. "SANTA FE" was added to FTB/F3B/F7B units, below and just behind the icon, in 1954. Image:ATSF 358 GE U28CG San Diego CA 1968.jpg|A GE U28CG displays a variation in the standard Warbonnet passenger scheme. Note that the "Santa Fe" logotype is displayed in large, red "billboard"-style letters and the lack of yellow and black striping. Image:EMD F45 Santa Fe.jpg|Santa Fe #95, an EMD FP45 decked out in Warbonnet colors, including the traditional "cigar band" nose emblem. Its "as-delivered" paint job had "SANTA FE" in black, 9"-high Railroad Roman letters along each side.

    Diesel locomotives, freight

    Diesel locomotives used in freight service (with the exception of streamlined units) between 1934 and 1960 were painted black, with just a thin white or silver horizintal accent stripe (the sills were painted similarly). The letters "A.T.& S.F." were applied in a small font centered on the sides of the unit, as was the standard blue and white "Santa Fe" box logo. After World War II, diagonal white or silver stripes were added to the ends and cab sides to increase the visibility at grade crossings (typically referred to as the Zebra Stripe scheme). "A.T.& S.F." was now placed along the sides of the unit just above the accent stripe, with the blue and white "Santa Fe" box logo below.

    Due to the lack of abundant water sources in the American desert, the Santa Fe was among the first railroads to receive large numbers of streamlined diesel locomotives for use in freight service, this in the form of the EMD FT. For the first group of FTs delivered between December, 1940 and March, 1943 (#100–#119) the railroad selected a color scheme consisting of dark blue accented by a pale yellow stripe up the nose, and pale yellow highlights around the cab and along the mesh and framing of openings in the sides of the engine compartment; a thin, red stripe separated the blue areas from the yellow.

    The words "SANTA FE" were applied in yellow in a 5"–high extended font, and centered on the nose was the "Santa Fe" box logo (initially consisting of a blue cross, circle, and square painted on a solid bronze sheet, but subsequently changed to baked steel sheets painted bronze with the blue identifying elements applied on top). Three thin, pale yellow stripes (known as Cat Whiskers) around the cab sides. In January, 1951 Santa Fe revised the scheme to consist of three yellow stripes running up the nose, and the addition of a blue and yellow Cigar Band (similar in size and shape to that applied to passenger units); the blue background and elongated yellow "SANTA FE" lettering were retained.

    The years 1960 to 1972 saw non-streamlined freight locomotives sporting the Billboard color scheme (sometimes referred to as the Pinstripe scheme) wherein the units were predominantly dark blue with yellow ends and trim, with a single yellow accent pinstripe. The words "Santa Fe" were applied in yellow in a large serif font (logotype) to the sides of the locomotive below the accent stripe (save for yard switchers which displayed the "SANTA FE" in small yellow letters above the accent stripe, somewhat akin to the Zebra Stripe arrangement).

    Image:ATSF HH1000 2315.jpg|AT&SF #2315, an ALCO HH1000 yard switcher photographed on April 7, 1940 wears an early, minimalist (almost entirely black) color scheme. Image:Santa_Fe_loco.jpg |A museum restoration of Kennecott Copper Corporation #103 (an Alco model RS-2) now bears the #2098 and the AT&SF Zebra Stripe paint scheme. Image:ATSF FT 103.jpg|Santa Fe #103, and EMD FT unit decorated in the Cat Whiskers scheme, receives service during World War II. Image:ATSF FM H-12-44TS 543.jpg|Santa Fe #543, a preserved FM H-12-44TS road switcher, displays the switcher version of the blue and yellow Billboard paint scheme in November, 1986.

    From 1972 to 1996, and even on into the BNSF era, the company adopted a new paint scheme often known among railfans as the Yellowbonnet which placed more yellow on the locomotives (reminiscent of the company's retired Warbonnet scheme), the goal again to ensure higher visibility at grade crossings. The truck assemblies, previously colored black, now received silver paint.

    In June, 1989 Santa Fe resurrected the Warbonnet and applied the scheme in a modified fashion to two EMD FP45 units, #5992 and #5998 (this time, displaying "Santa Fe" in large, "billboard"-style red letters across the side). The units were re-designated as #101 and #102 and reentered service on July 4, 1989 as part of the new "Super Fleet" (the first Santa Fe units to be so decorated for freight service). The six remaining FP45 units were thereafter similarly repainted and renumbered. From that point forward, all new locomotives wore the red and silver, and many retained this scheme after the Burlington Northern Santa Fe merger, some with "BNSF" displayed across their sides.

    Image:Santa Fe GP-35 -3332.jpg|Santa Fe #3332, an EMD GP35, displays the blue and yellow Billboard freight color scheme as it climbs out of the Cajon Junction in 1977. Image:Santa Fe FP45 5923.jpg|EMD FP45s, such as Santa Fe #5923 (shown here in 1972) wore the Billboard blue and yellow in much the same manner as Santa Fe's F units did. Image:Santa CF-7 2509.jpg|Santa Fe #2509, a CF7 locomotive that has been repainted in the Yellowbonnet freight livery, pauses in Santa Ana, California in 1976. Image:ATSF 943 Williams Junction AZ October 1994.jpg|A trio of General Electric "Dash 8" locomotives are resplendent in the silver and red Warbonnet paint scheme of the Santa Fe's "Super Fleet" (SRS) in October, 1994.

    Several experimental and commemorative paint schemes emerged during the Santa Fe's diesel era. One combination was developed and partially implemented in anticipation of a merger between the parent companies of the Santa Fe and Southern Pacific (SP) railroads in 1984. The red, yellow, and black paint scheme (with large red block letters "SF" on the sides and ends of the units) of the proposed Southern Pacific Santa Fe Railroad (SPSF) has come to be somewhat derisively known among railfans as the Kodachrome livery due to the similarity in colors to the boxes containing slide film sold by the Eastman Kodak Company under the same name (Kodachrome film was one of the preferred brands in use by railfans). A common joke among railfans is that "SPSF" really stands for "Shouldn't Paint So Fast." Though the merger application was subsequently denied by the ICC, locomotives bearing this color scheme can still be found occasionally in lease service.


    Ferry service

    The Santa Fe maintained and operated a fleet of three passenger ferry boats (the San Pablo, the San Pedro, and the Ocean Wave) that connected Oakland with San Francisco by water. The ships traveled the eight miles between the San Francisco Ferry Terminal and the railroad's Point Richmond terminal across the Bay. The service was orignally established as a continuation of the company's named passenger train runs such as the Angel and the Saint. The larger two ships (the San Pablo and the San Pedro) carried Fred Harvey Company dining facilities.

    The rival Southern Pacific Railroad owned the world's largest ferry fleet (which was subsidized by other railroad activities), at its peak carrying 40 million passengers and 60 million vehicles annually aboard 43 vessels. Santa Fe discontinued ferry service in 1933 due to the effects of the Great Depression; the construction of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge initiated the slow decline in demand for SP's ferry service, which was eventually discontinued as well.

    References

    See also

    External links

    Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway | 1859 establishments | 1995 disestablishments

    Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway | アッチソン・トピカ・サンタフェ鉄道

 

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the "Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway".

Home Page • arts • business • computers • games • health • hospitals • home • kids & teens • news • physicians • recreation• reference • regional • science • shopping • society • sports • world