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Archaeopteris is an extinct genus of tree-like ferns that many scientists believe to be the first tree. A useful index fossil, this tree is found in strata dating from the Upper Devonian to Lower Carboniferous. Fossils are found in Europe, North America, and Morocco in North Africa. Some specimines have also been reported from Australia.
Many scientists consider Archaeopteris to be the earliest known modern tree, with buds, reinforced branch joints, and branched trunks similar to today's timber. The genus Archaeopteris shares more characteristics with the seed plants than any other spore-bearing plant known. It combines characteristics of both woody trees and herbaceous ferns. Because they do not possess seeds, they are considered more closely related to modern tree ferns than to conifers.
Anatomy
The trees of this genus were small to medium in size with leafy foliage reminiscent of some conifers. The large fronds were thickly set with fan-shaped leaflets on stems that inclined sharply upward. They typically grew to 10 m in height. Some species are large, with trunks that exceeded 1.5 m in diameter. The veining branches diverged dichotomously. There was also intermediate feathering at each frond node or axes.
Leafy shoots occurred in opposite arrangement in a single plane. The leaflets, or pinnules, overlapped one another and were subcircular to wedge-shaped. On fertile branches, the leaves were replaced by spore capsules.
Other modern adaptations
Aside from its woody trunk, Archaeopteris possessed other modern adaptations to light interception and perhaps to seasonality as well. The large umbrella of fronds seems to have been quite optimized for light interception at the canopy level. In some species, the pinnules were shaped and oriented to avoid shading one another. There is evidence that whole fronds were shed together as single units, perhaps on a seasonal basis like modern deciduous foliage or like trees in the cypress family Cupressaceae.
The plant also had nodal zones that would have been important sites for the subsequent development of lateral roots and branches. Some branches were latent and adventitious, similar to those produced by living trees that eventually develop into roots. Before this time, shallow, rhizomatious roots had been the norm, but with Archaeopteris, deeper root systems were being developed that could support ever higher growth.
Habitat
Evidence indicates that Archaeopteris preferred wet soils, growing close to river systems and in flood plain woodlands. It would have formed a significant part of the canopy vegetation of early forests. Speaking of the first appearance of Archaeopteris on the world-scene, Stephen Scheckler, a professor of biology and geological sciences at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, says, "When * appears, it very quickly became the dominant tree all over the Earth. On all of the land areas that were habitable, they all had this tree".
Scheckler goes on to say, "Its litter fed the streams and was a major factor in the evolution of freshwater fishes, whose numbers and varieties exploded in that time, and influenced the evolution of other marine ecosystems. It was the first plant to produce an extensive root system, so had a profound impact on soil chemistry. And once these ecosystem changes happened, they were changed for all time. It was a one-time thing" (sciencedaily.com).
Looking roughly like a top-heavy Christmas tree, Archaeopteris may have played a part in the transformation of Earth’s climate during the Devonian before becoming extinct within a short period of time at the beginning of the Carboniferous period.
Relationship to conifers
Because Archaeopteris reproduced by releasing spores rather than by producing seeds, paleobotanists suspect that modern trees come from a sibling line of plants they call the "progymnosperms". Archaeopteris is more like an ancient cousin than a direct ancestor. Still, many sources list it as a progymnosperm.
Discovery and classification
Archaeopteris was originally classified as a fern, and it remained classified so for over 100 years. In 1911, Russian paleontologist Mikhail Dimitrievich Zalessky described a new type of petrified wood from the Donetz Basin in Russia. He called the wood Callixylon, though he did not find any structures other than the trunk. The similarity to conifer wood was recognized. It was also noted that ferns of the genus Archaeopteris were often found associated with fossils of Callixylon.
In the 1960’s, paleontologist Charles B. Beck was able to demonstrate that the fossil wood known as Callixylon and the leaves known as Archaeopteris were actually part of the same plant. It was a plant with a mixture of characteristics not seen in any living plant, a link between true gymnosperms and ferns.
The genus Archaeopteris is placed in the order Archaeopteridales and family Archaeopteridaceae. The name is similar to that of the first known feathered bird, Archaeopteryx, but in this case refers to the feather-like nature of the plant's fronds.
See also
References
- Earliest Modern Tree Lived 360-345 Million Years Ago, from Sciencedaily.com
- History of Paleozoic Forests: the Early Forests and the Progymnosperms
- Consequences of Rapid Expansion of Late Devonian Forests, by Stephen E. Scheckler
- Walker, Cyril and Ward, David. Fossils. Smithsonian Handbooks. Dorling Kindersley, Inc. New York, NY (2002).
- Mayr, Helmut. A Guide to Fossils. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ (1992).
- Introduction to the Progymnosperms
- Davis, Paul and Kenrick, Paul; Fossil Plants. Smithsonian Books (in association with the Natural History Museum of London), Washington, D.C. (2004). ISBN 1588341569
"Archaeopteris"