The Aquitanii (Latin for Aquitanians) were a people of horsemen living in what is now southwestern France, between the Pyrenees and the Garonne. Julius Caesar, who defeated them in his campaign of Gaul, describes them as not being Celtic but "Iberian".

The presence of what seem to be Basque names of deities or people in late Romano-Aquitanian funerary slabs have made many philologists to presume that their language was a dialect of Basque language. The fact that the region was known as Vasconia in the Upper Middle Ages, name that evolved in the better known of Gascony, along with toponimic evidence seems to cooroborate that assumption.

In French texts this tribe is known as the les Aquitains.

Roman Gaul