Anwar Sadat

**Muhammad Anwar Al-Sadat**
Office:	President of Egypt
Term in office:	Sept 28, 1970 - Oct 6, 1981
Preceded by:	Gamal Abdel Nasser
Succeeded by:	Hosni Mubarak
Date of birth:	Dec 25, 1918
Place of birth:	Mit Abu Al-Kum, Al-Minufiyah, Egypt
Date of death:	Oct 6, 1981
Place of death:	Cairo
First lady:	Jehan Sadat
Party:	Arab Socialist Union (until 1977) National Democratic Party (from 1977)

Muhammad Anwar as-Sadat (محمد أنورالسادات in Arabic) (December 25, 1918 – October 6, 1981) was an Egyptian politician and served as the third President of Egypt from September 28, 1970 until his assassination on October 6, 1981. He is considered in Egypt and in the West to be one of the most influential Egyptian and Middle Eastern figures in modern history.

Early life

Sadat was born in Mit Abu Al-Kum, Al-Minufiyah, Egypt, to a poor Egyptian family, one of 13 brothers and sisters. He graduated from the Royal Military Academy in Cairo in 1938 and was appointed in the Signal Corps. He joined the Free Officers Movement, committed to freeing Egypt from British control.

During World War II he was imprisoned by the British for his efforts to obtain help from the Axis Powers in expelling occupying British forces. He participated in the 1952 coup which dethroned King Farouk I. When the revolution erupted, he was assigned to take over the Radio networks and announce the outbreak of the revolution to the Egyptian people.

In 1964, after holding many positions in the Egyptian government, he was chosen to be Vice-President by President Gamal Abdal Nasser. He served in that capacity until 1966, and again from 1969 to 1970.

During Nasser Presidency

During the reign of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sadat was appointed Minister of State in 1954. In 1959 he assumed the position of Secretary to the National Union. Sadat served as Speaker of the People's Council between 1960 - 1968 and then as Vice President and member of the Presidential Council in 1964. Sadat was reappointed as Vice President again in December 1969. After Nasser died of a heart attack the following year, Sadat gave a speech to the nation that relayed the tragic news. He managed to attain the Presidency by clearing out his opponents in what the state-owned media termed the Corrective Revolution.

He survived the turmoil of Nasser's times by loyal obedience to him. At least on one occasion it is said he was dismissed for confiscating a Nile-front property while Nasser was out of the country. He reclaimed the property after Nasser's death.

Presidency

In 1971, Sadat endorsed in a letter the peace proposals of UN negotiator Gunnar Jarring which seemed to lead to a full peace with Israel on the basis of Israel's withdrawal to its pre-war borders. This peace initiative failed as neither the United States nor Israel accepted the terms as discussed then.

In 1973, Sadat, together with Syria, led Egypt into the Yom Kippur War with Israel, and succeeded early on in regaining parts of the Sinai Peninsula, which had been conquered by Israel during the Six-Day War. However, three divisions of the Israeli army (IDF) led by General Ariel Sharon eventually pushed into Egypt and entrapped the Egyptian Third Army. It was at this time that Egypt's ally the Soviet Union demanded a cease-fire.

While the territorial gains of Egypt in this war were limited, approximately 15 km into the Sinai desert in the first few days of the war, Sadat's initial victories eventually led to regaining and reopening the Suez canal through the peace process with Israel in the years that followed, and restored Egyptian morale. For many years after, Sadat was known as the "hero of the Crossing".

On November 19, 1977 Sadat became the first Arab leader to officially visit Israel when he met with Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin, and spoke before the Knesset in Jerusalem. He made the visit after receiving an invitation from Begin and once again sought a permanent peace settlement (much of the Arab world was outraged by the visit, due to their widespread view of Israel as a rogue state, and a tyrannical symbol of imperialism). In 1978, this resulted in the Camp David Peace Agreement, for which Sadat and Begin received the Nobel Peace Prize. However, the action was extremely unpopular in the Arab and Muslim World. Egypt was at that time the most powerful of the Arab nations and an icon of Arab nationalism. Many hopes were placed on Egypt to help extract concessions from Israel from the displaced Palestinians and others in the Arab world. By signing the accords, Sadat left the other Arab nations hanging by themselves, and steered Egypt toward Israel and the United States. This was seen as a betrayal of his predecessor Nasser's pan-Arabism, destroying visions of a united Arab front.

In 1979, the Arab League suspended Egypt's membership in the wake of Egypt's peace agreement with Israel; the League moved its headquarters from Cairo to Tunis. It was not until 1989 that the League re-admitted Egypt as a member, and returned its headquarters to Cairo. Many believed that only a threat of force would make Israel negotiate over the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and the Camp David accords removed the possibility of Egypt, the major Arab military power, from providing such a threat. As part of the peace deal, Israel withdrew from the Sinai peninsula in phases, returning the entire area to Egypt on April 25th 1982.

Assassination

In September of 1981, Sadat cracked down on intellectuals and activists of all ideological stripes, imprisoning communists, Nasserists, feminists, Islamists, university professors, journalists, and members of student groups. The arrests totalled nearly 1,600, receiving worldwide condemnation for the extremity of his techniques. Meanwhile, internal support for Sadat disappeared under the pressure of an economic crisis and Sadat's suppression of dissidents.

On October 6, the month after the crackdown, Sadat was assassinated during a parade in Cairo by army members who were part of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization. They opposed Sadat's negotiations with Israel, as well as his use of force in the September crackdown. A fatwa approving the assassination had been obtained from Omar Abdel-Rahman, a cleric later convicted in the U.S. for his role in the February 26, 1993 World Trade Center bombing. Sadat was protected by four layers of security and the army parade should have been safe due to ammunition-seizure rules, however the officers in charge of that procedure were on hajj to Mecca.

As air force Mirage jets flew overhead, distracting the crowd, a troop truck halted before the Presidential reviewing stand, and a lieutenant strode forward. Sadat stood to receive his salute, whereupon the assassins rose from the truck, throwing grenades and firing assault rifle rounds. The assassin Khalid Islambouli shouted "Death to Pharaoh!" as he ran toward the stand and then fired at Sadat. He was later found guilty of the crimes and executed in April of 1982. As the crowd of dignitaries scattered, many were wounded, including James Tully, the Irish Minister for Defence, and four US military liaisons.

In the ensuing firefight, seven people were killed, including the Cuban ambassador and a Greek Orthodox priest, and 28 were wounded. Sadat was then rushed to a hospital, but he was declared dead within hours. He was succeeded by his Vice-President Hosni Mubarak, who was injured in his hand during the attack. Sadat's funeral was attended by a record number of dignitaries from around the world, including a rare simultaneous attendance by then U.S. President Ronald Reagan and former presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and Richard Nixon.

Over three hundred Islamic radicals were indicted in the trial of assassin Khalid Islambouli, including Ayman al-Zawahiri, Omar Abdel-Rahman, and Abd al-Hamid Kishk. The trial was covered by the international press and Zawahiri's knowledge of English made him the de facto spokesman for the defendants. Zawahiri was released from prison in 1984, before travelling to Afghanistan and forging a close relationship with Osama Bin Laden.

Family

Sadat was married twice. He divorced Ehsan Madi to marry half-Egyptian/half-British Jehan Raouf (later known as Jehan Sadat), who was barely 16, on May 29, 1949. They had three daughters and one son. Jehan Sadat was the 2001 recipient of the Pearl S. Buck Award. Anwar Sadat's autobiography, In Search of Identity was published in the USA in 1977.

Media portrayals of Anwar Sadat

In 1983, Sadat, a miniseries, aired on U.S. television with Academy Award-winning actor Louis Gossett, Jr. in the title role, though it was temporarily banned by the Egyptian government. The two-part series earned Gossett an Emmy nomination.

The first Egyptian depiction of Sadat's life came in 2001, when Ayam El-Sadat (English: Days of Sadat) was released in Egyptian Cinemas. The movie was a major success in Egypt, and was hailed as Ahmed Zaki's greatest performance to date. ^*

Books by Anwar Sadat

Anwar Sadat authored many books during his life. These include

The Full Story of the Revolution (1954)
Unknown Pages of the Revolution (1955)
Revolt on the Nile (1957). (The revolt of the army officers.)
Son, This Is Your Uncle Gamal - Memoirs of Anwar el-Sadat (1958)
In Search of Identity: An Autobiography (1978). (The story of his life and of his country after 1918.)