Angelman syndrome

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurological disorder in which severe learning difficulties are associated with a characteristic facial appearance and behavior. An older, alternative term for this syndrome, happy puppet syndrome, is generally considered pejorative and stigmatizing and is no longer in current use.

History

Dr. Harry Angelman, a pediatrician working in Warrington, Cheshire, first reported three children with this condition in 1965. It was initially presumed to be rare. In 1987, it was first noted that around half of the children with Angelman syndrome have a small piece of chromosome 15 missing chromosome 15q partial deletion. Since this time the condition has been reported more frequently and the incidence is now thought to be 1 in 25,000 children.

Pathophysiology

Angelman syndrome is caused by the loss of the normal maternal contribution to a region of chromosome 15, most commonly by deletion of a segment of that chromosome. Other causes include uniparental disomy, translocation, or single gene mutation in that region. A healthy person receives two copies of chromosome 15, one from mother, the other from father. However, in the region of the chromosome that is critical for Angelman syndrome, the maternal and paternal contribution express certain genes very differently. This is due to sex-related epigenetic imprinting; the biochemical mechanism is DNA methylation. If the maternal contribution is lost or mutated, the result is Angelman syndrome. (When the paternal contribution is lost, by similar mechanisms, the result is Prader-Willi syndrome.)

Angelman syndrome can also be the result of mutation of a single gene. This gene (Ube3a, part of the ubiquitin pathway) is present on both the maternal and paternal chromosomes, but differs in the pattern of methylation (Imprinting). The paternal silencing of the Ube3a gene occurs in a brain region-specific manner; the maternal allele is active almost exclusively in the hippocampus and cerebellum. The most common genetic defect leading to Angelman syndrome is an ~4Mb (mega base) maternal deletion in chromosomal region 15q11-13 causing an absence of Ube3a expression in the maternally imprinted brain regions. Ube3a codes for an E6-AP ubiquitin ligase, which chooses its substrates very selectively and the four identified E6-AP substrates have shed little light on the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the human Angelman syndrome mental retardation state.

Initial studies of mice that do not express maternal Ube3a show severe impairments in hippocampal memory formation. Most notably, there is a deficit in a learning paradigm that involves hippocampus-dependent contextual fear conditioning. In addition, maintenance of long-term synaptic plasticity in hippocampal area CA1 in vitro is disrupted in Ube3a -/- mice. These results provide links amongst hippocampal synaptic plasticity in vitro, formation of hippocampus-dependent memory in vitro, and the molecular pathology of Angelman syndrome.

Features

Feeding problems (75%) (poor suck, poor weight gain)
Delay in sitting and walking
Absent speech
Poor attention span and hyperactivity
Severe learning disabilities
Epilepsy (80%) and an abnormal EEG
Unusual movements (fine tremors, hand flapping, jerking movements)
Affectionate nature and frequent laughter
Wide-based stiff-legged gait
Below average head size, often with flattening at the back
Subtle, but characteristic facial features (wide, smiling mouth, prominent chin, thin upper lip, deep set eyes, tendency to hold tongue between the lips)
Fair hair and blue eyes (60%)
Poor sleeping pattern
Squint (40%)
Scoliosis (curvature of the spine) in 10%

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of Angelman syndrome is based on:

a history of delayed motor milestones and then later a delay in general development, especially of speech
unusual movements including fine tremors, jerky limb movements, hand flapping and a wide-based, stiff-legged gait.
characteristic facial appearance.
a history of epilepsy and an abnormal EEG tracing.
a happy disposition with frequent laughter
a deletion on chromosome 15
likes water, paper, plastic and noise making objects.

Treatment

There is no cure for AS but there are some treatments for the symptoms of the condition. Also, schoolteacher Betty Hewitt and AS sufferer Melanie Koch are selling the popular Livestrong Bracelets to raise money for research to find a cure. Epilepsy can be controlled by the use of anticonvulsant medication and physiotherapy is important to encourage joint mobility and prevent stiffening of the joints. Occupational therapy, speech therapy, hydrotherapy and music therapy are also used in the management of this condition.

Prognosis

Note that the severity of the symptoms associated with AS varies significantly across the population of affected persons. Some speech and a greater degree of self-care are possible among the least profoundly affected. Unfortunately, walking and the use of simple sign language may be beyond the reach of the more profoundly affected. Early and continued participation in physical, occupational (related to the development of fine-motor control skills), and communication (speech) therapies are believed to improve significantly the prognosis (in the areas of cognition, self-care, and communication) of AS affected persons. Further, the specific genetic mechanism underlying the condition is thought to correlate to the general prognosis of the affected person. On one end of the spectrum, a mutation to the UBE3A gene is thought to correlate to the least affected, whereas larger deletions on chromosome 15 are thought to correspond to the most affected.

The clinical features of Angelman syndrome alter with age. As adulthood approaches, hyperactivity and poor sleep patterns improve. The seizures decrease in frequency and often cease altogether and the EEG abnormalities are less obvious. Medication is typically advisable to those with seizure disorders. Often overlooked is the contribution of the poor sleep patterns to the frequency and/or severity of the seizures. Medication may be worthwhile in order to help deal with this issue and improve the prognosis with respect to seizures and sleep. Also noteworthy are the reports that the frequency and severity of seizures temporarily escalate in pubescent AS girls but do not seem to affect long-term health.

The facial features remain recognizable but many Angelman adults look remarkably youthful for their age.

Puberty and menstruation begin at around the normal time. Sexual development is thought to be normal, as evidenced by a single reported case of a woman with Angelman syndrome conceiving a female child who also had Angelman syndrome.

The majority of those with AS achieve continence by day and some by night.

Dressing skills are variable and usually limited to items of clothing without buttons or zippers. Most adults are able to eat with a knife or spoon and fork and can learn to perform simple household tasks. General health is fairly good and life-span near normal. Particular problems which have arisen in adults are a tendency to obesity (more in females), and worsening of scoliosis if it is present. The affectionate nature which is also a positive aspect in the younger children may also persist into adult life where it can pose a problem socially, but this problem is not insurmountable.

External links

Epigenetics links

References

Pubmed article detailing transmission of AS from mother to daughter
Weeber, E.J., Levenson, J.M., and Sweatt, D. 2002. Molecular Genetics of Human Cognition. Molecular interventions. 2(6):376-391.

disability | Eponymous diseases | Congenital genetic disorders | Neurological disorders | Syndromes

Angelman-Syndrom | Syndrome d'Angelman | תסמונת אנגלמן | Angelman-szindróma | 天使人症候群

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