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The 2005 Cronulla riots were a series of ethnically motivated mob confrontations which originated in and around the beachfront suburb of Cronulla in Southern Sydney, a coastal region within the Metropolitan Area of Sydney, Australia's largest city. The violence soon spread to other regions around Greater Sydney.

On Sunday, December 11, 2005, approximately 5000 people had gathered in an ad-hoc protest to "reclaim the beach" from recently-reported incidents of alleged assaults and intimidatory behaviour by groups of non-locals, most of whom were identified in the earlier media reports as Middle Eastern youths from the suburbs of Western Sydney. The crowd had assembled following a widely-reported series of earlier confrontations, and an assault on three volunteer lifesavers (lifeguards) which had taken place the previous weekend. This was widely seen as the "tipping point" after years of alleged intimidation, mostly directed at white female beach goers, with sentiments such as "I can't go to the beach, normally, and wear what I'd usually wear. Because when I do, I feel as though I'm getting targeted"* being common. In the week leading up to the major incident of the 11th, these confrontations and the subsequent circulation of anonymous calls to gather at the beach — spread via SMS text messaging and other means — were the subject of much publicity and media commentary.

The crowd initially assembled without incident, but violence broke out after a large segment of the mostly Anglo-Celtic crowd chased a man of Middle Eastern appearance into an hotel. The ensuing melee soon became widespread; in the course of it a number of police, ambulance officers and individual members of the public perceived to be Middle Easterners were assaulted. Many have cited alcohol as the pre-eminent reason for the unprecedented violence.*

The following nights saw incidents of retaliatory violence and vandalism by people of Middle Eastern descent in Cronulla and other suburbs throughout Southern Sydney, large gatherings of protestors around Western Sydney, and an unprecedented police lock-down of Sydney beaches and surrounding areas, from Wollongong to Newcastle.

11 December — the riot

On Sunday 11 December 2005, prior to the outbreak of violence, an estimated crowd of some 5000 people had gathered at Cronulla beach. Most of those in attendance appeared to be of Anglo-Celtic Australian backgrounds, however other groups were represented as well (Daily Telegraph, December 12; see also The assembly occurred after elements in the local community had called for a public showing in response to the previous weekend's confrontation between a group of beachgoers of Middle Eastern background and some local Cronulla beach surf lifesavers, and the subsequent reported assault on three lifesavers by several of that group. Police had earlier stated that they believed this previous assault had not been racially motivated. Some members of the local community later vocalised their opinions to the media that there had been insufficient attention paid to similarly-reported incidents in the past [http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,17514748-1242,00.html.

A number of the demonstrators wore clothing bearing racially-divisive slogans such as "We Grew Here, You Flew Here", "Wog Free Zone", "Aussie Pride", "Fuck Allah - Save 'Nulla", and "Ethnic Cleansing Unit". Chants of "Lebs out", "Lebs go home" and other expressions were continuously shouted out by many of the demonstrators, including some families with young children. A banner reading "LOCALS ONLY" with a symbol for anarchism in place of the "A" was displayed (Daily Telegraph, December 12).

Representatives from three far-right organisations were also identified handing out pamphlets: "Australia First Party", the Newcastle-based Blood and Honour, and the "Patriotic Youth League" (PYL). The PYL describes itself as a "radical nationalist" group with links to the German-based racist skinhead group Volksfront, British National Party and the New Zealand National Front. The PYL had previously been linked by the Sydney Morning Herald to racially motivated attacks at the University of Newcastle. None of the groups have claimed a role in organising the event.

NSW Deputy Police Commissioner Andrew Scipione afterwards said police believed representatives of neo-Nazi and white supremacist groups had been among the crowd. "That in fact is something that we're following up," he later told the Nine network. The network later reported that "one woman was pictured among the angry crowd holding a poster…which advertised a group known as the Patriotic Youth League." *.

According to ABC News, after several hours had passed without direct confrontation, the initially festive atmosphere rapidly turned to violence:

"Earlier in the day the atmosphere had been party-like despite the large crowd, which some estimates say numbers 5,000 people. That changed when a man of Middle Eastern appearance was chased into a hotel bistro. Within a minute the hotel was surrounded by several thousand people screaming and chanting. About a half an hour later a fight broke out across the road and police led away a man with a shirt over his head as the crowd lobbed beer cans at him".

Through the remainder of the day, several more individuals of "Middle Eastern appearance" were assaulted, as well as several others who were not from this background, including a Jewish boy and a Greek girl. According to one local who was present, one man had shouted out to the crowd "I'm going to blow youse all up"* before he was surrounded by the crowd and attacked. Police and ambulance workers leading away the victims from the riots were also assaulted by groups of young men throwing beer bottles. Several dozen people were treated for minor cuts and bruises, while six individuals were evacuated under police escort to be assessed by doctors. One was further evacuated to St. George Hospital, in a serious but stable condition. Some were prevented from further injury by the assistance of people within the crowd.

As they moved to protect several individuals targeted by the crowds, many of the police present employed riot equipment including capsicum spray in order to subdue several of the attackers. A call for reinforcements was placed to the police station in Miranda, a nearby suburb on the peninsula. Local police at Cronulla had earlier commented that they were sufficiently prepared to deal with any anticipated violence at Cronulla beach, but seemed to be overwhelmed by the sheer number of people who had arrived.

Elouera Road was temporarily closed to traffic. A total of 25 people were later reported injured in the incidents, including two ambulance officers. Later that evening, the Sydney Morning Herald quoted a New South Wales Police spokesman as saying that seven people had been arrested, and that charges had been filed against four individuals. By the following morning of the 12th, the News Limited website reported twelve arrests total. Charges to be laid included assaulting police, throwing a missile, offensive behaviour, hindering police, and resisting arrest.

Reaction and Retaliation

11 December — evening

Following the confrontations at the beach earlier in the day, there were reports that a number of Arab youths travelling in groups were converging on various locations in the region, in a series of apparent "hit and run" retaliatory actions. As several convoys of men of Middle Eastern appearance approached the beachside suburbs at around 10:45 p.m., the NSW police operations commander on duty issued instructions that their cars were not to be approached, but that registration and location details be recorded NSW Police Assistant Commissioner Bob Waites confirmed the reason for this instruction was "They weren't committing any offences at the time [they were in convoy and it was about making sure they recorded details so they have all the information." Several of the individuals concerned were held in custody that night in relation to some later events of that evening, with some ensuing charges being filed a little over a month afterwards. Superintendent Ken McKay, head of Strike Force Enoggera later set up to deal with the incidents, commented: "We are investigating a large number of crimes that occurred on this night and I'm quite confident, having around 200 car numbers … A lot has been made of issues that aren't issues." Promising that there would be further arrests as investigations were completed, he also noted that he was sick of the politicising of the investigations into the revenge attacks.

Through the remainder of the evening, cars and windows in Maroubra and Rockdale were vandalised. Several instances of property damage at the Rockdale railway station were reported. One white man was stabbed in the back when assaulted by a gang of ten men of Middle Eastern appearance.

By 1:00 a.m., reports of violence had also spread to Brighton Le Sands, where police wearing riot gear sectioned off Bay Street in a confrontation with a crowd of people of Middle Eastern appearance. The violence then spread to Ashfield in Sydney's Inner West, as well as suburbs in Greater Western Sydney, with outbreaks in Bankstown and Punchbowl.

Police said 16 people had been arrested and charged with 41 offences. Those charged were from Mortdale, Cronulla, Bondi Junction, Kareela, Granville, Lugarno, Greenacre, Mascot, Northmead, Jannali, Sutherland, and Riverwood. Offences included malicious damage, resisting police, hindering police, assaulting police, resisting arrest, possessing prohibited drugs, behaving in an offensive manner, threatening violence, affray, possession of a knife in a public place, and driving in a dangerous manner. All of those charged were men between 17 and 40 years of age.

Several of the local residents who were quoted in media reports indicated a state of shock and a reluctance to be identified, out of fear of retribution from Middle Eastern gangs.

12 December

On Monday 12 December 2005, political, community, and religious leaders condemned the violence. Some politicians and other leaders have alluded to underlying racism within Australian society, whilst others have condemned the violence as "thuggish", criminal and alcohol-fuelled behaviour. Ken Moroney, Police Commissioner of NSW, told the Sydney Morning Herald that he was ashamed at the "mob mentality" of the rally. He further elaborated:
"The other equally offensive conduct today, the absolutely total un-Australian conduct today, was an attack on an ambulance. That has brought a higher level of shame to those involved in that level of attack and they deserve to be condemned in the highest possible terms."

Keysar Trad, president of the Islamic Friendship Association of Australia, stated that the violence was "bound to happen" because of racist rhetoric on Sydney talk radio throughout the week.

Prime Minister John Howard condemned the riots, describing the violence as "sickening", adding however that he did not believe racism to be widespread in Australia. Opposition leader Kim Beazley also condemned the violence.

On 12 December a police strike force was established to track down those responsible for the riots using video and photo evidence.

The New South Wales State Parliament was recalled by the Premier on Tuesday, 13 December, to increase police powers in regard to the riots. The new powers may include the closing of alcohol outlets and the confiscation of motor vehicles.

On Monday 12 December, there were initially reports of new text messages circulating, leading to concern over fresh violence at Cronulla. *

Various news sources later reported around a thousand people gathering outside Sydney's Lakemba mosque on Monday night. Residents claimed they were there to defend the Mosque against attacks from Southern gangs, as had been threatened by the white demonstrators. The crowd had started to disperse at 9:30 p.m. *," target="_blank" >but the Seven Network reported that some then packed into dozens of cars, travelling in convoys towards Sydney's southern district, while sporadically assaulting people and vandalising cars and property in Bexley and various other suburbs on their way. The same network also reported that a leaked police incident report believed to relate to Punchbowl Park, the staging point of the conveys, stated that officers received directions "not to enter the area and antagonise these persons" [http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/police-guard-churches/2005/12/14/1134500916773.html.

Reports from Sydney Police Radio and news.com.au reported further violence on the night of 12 December, with residents of Cronulla reporting that cars full of Middle Eastern men had driven into the area. The local shopping centre appeared to be a target for mobs, with several vehicles vandalised. The men "went on a rampage" while nearby residents prepared to defend their homes and families.

According to a report which appeared in the January 22 edition of the Sydney Morning Herald * one of the Cronulla residents was saved by the actions of a 24-year-old junior rugby league coach Ahmed Jajieh. The son of Lebanese immigrants, Jajieh had been among the people assembled outside the Lakemba mosque in order to protect it from the expected attack. After the threats were not realised, he reported trying to dissuade a group from moving on to Cronulla to execute reprisal attacks, in which he was unsuccessful. He later set off for Cronulla himself, "...to make sure nothing happened", where he came across a local man under assault by a group of up to thirty young men. In security camera footage later released by police to the media, he is seen confronting and warding off the assault. The victim sustained minor injuries including a hairline fracture of the arm.

The Sydney Morning Herald reported a retaliatory attack in which a 26-year-old man and two females were approached by two carloads of young men of Middle Eastern appearance who threatened the females with sexual assault at a golf club at the nearby Sydney suburb of Woolooware. The man was stabbed five times after four men leapt from a car outside Woolooware Golf Club. The man stated to the Sydney Morning Herald, "I was knocked to the ground - there was one on either side of my head kicking my head. It wasn't until I stood up and felt blood running down my back that I knew something was wrong. I felt up my back and I knew something was in there - I asked my friend if it was a knife or glass and he said it was a knife." Police said the 9.8 centimetre blade had snapped off after the man had been stabbed three times in the back and twice in the thigh. . *.

The Sydney Morning Herald stated that on 29 June 2006, Yahya Jamal Serhan, appeared in Bankstown Court charged with affray and maliciously inflicting grievous bodily harm upon Dan, who was walking from Woolooware Golf Club with a mate and two women. In court NSW Police said Dan stopped to protect the women when the men ran shouting: "Get the Aussie dogs … get the Aussie sluts." Sergeant Eurell in court said: "This was a joint criminal enterprise by members of a group of males who engaged in an unprovoked, racially motivated, premeditated attack." *

The SMH stated that a 17-year-old youth of Middle Eastern appearance was arrested on the 12th July 2006 over the retaliatory attack in which an Australian man was, "pushed to the ground, kicked and punched, and stabbed three times in the back and twice in the left thigh - one knife wound was just two millimetres from his lung - the attack ended when the 9.8 centimetre blade snapped in the man`s back". *.

The Sydney Morning Herald reported that a woman and her husband were driving along Canterbury Road on the night of Monday, December 12, when they encountered carloads of men with Lebanese flags hanging out the windows and heard one man screaming, "Do it for Allah!" *.

At the same time, further carloads of young Middle Eastern men made their way to the suburb of Maroubra, organised again by the circulation of SMS text messages. Armed with baseball bats, crowbars and bricks, they vandalised private property (including over 100 cars) throughout streets of Maroubra. Many residents took refuge in their homes, while others who tried to confront the gangs were attacked. A 23-year-old man was injured during the unrest, as he was bashed by baseball-bat wielding youths, who attacked his car *.

At Maroubra Beach, police said they found a stockpile of 30 Molotov cocktails and crates of rocks stockpiled on rooftops, as hundreds of local surfers gathered. Weapons such as iron bars, baseball bats, knives and even firearms are being found and confiscated.

Morris Iemma, Premier of New South Wales announced on Tuesday that police will be given "lockdown" powers which would allow them to prohibit entry into specified areas.

Referring to vigilantes, Mr Iemma said, "These criminals have declared war on our society and we are not going to let them win... ...You will not take control of our streets."

Police said this kind of unrest was unprecedented in Australia. * The Australian media reported that mobile telephone text messages were calling for revenge attacks to continue. The messages were being circulated among both Australians of Anglo-Celtic and Middle Eastern backgrounds.

14 December

On the morning of 14 December 2005, local media reported that SMS text messages, inciting further riots, were being sent to mobile users in other states including Victoria and Queensland.

At the tail end of a Christmas carols service at St Joseph the Worker Primary School drive-by shots were fired into cars and parents were verbally abused. Furthermore, a total of four Churches in Sydney's South-West were attacked during the evening. * The Uniting Church hall in Auburn, which is next to an Islamic centre, was set ablaze about 1.30 a.m. (AEDT) on 15 December. Police suspected that it was directly related to the racially-motivated violence in Sydney. *

15 December

On 15 December, NSW Police increased their activity on Sydney streets, including searching individuals. Police were also asked to keep a careful eye on places of religious worship or significance since the arson attack in Auburn. Two people were arrested in Cronulla. The first was chased by police down Croydon St at 8 p.m. AEDT and arrested in the front yard of a unit block. As he was led away he screamed: "I'm just sticking up for my country." The second person was arrested at 9.40 p.m. when weapons including knuckle dusters and crowbars were found in a bag in Cronulla Mall.

Later that evening a couple suffered facial and head injuries when they were attacked at a restaurant in Caringbah. A man sustained fractured ribs and head injuries while taking out garbage bins at his Cronulla home; he was attacked by men of "Middle Eastern" appearance carrying golf clubs. A police officer was also injured as he broke up a brawl at a shopping centre in Wetherill Park in Sydney's south west at about 8.30 p.m.. An 18-year-old man was charged with a range of offences including two counts of assaulting a police officer. *

The New South Wales Parliament was recalled from Christmas Holidays on Thursday 15 December, to pass legislation giving police powers to force closure of bottle shops and hotels; to instate suburb 'lock downs'; and to instantly confiscate weapons, search and impound cars. Under existing laws, police in New South Wales could ask bottle shop and hotel owners to close, but such requests were not enforcable.

Responses

Police

Police Commissioners and Authorities expected violence to again continue as signs of more retaliation and revenge were discovered, such as inflammatory SMS messages being sent, youths gathering in cars and on streets and hidden stockpiles of weapons being found. *

Amidst fears of a third night of violence, perhaps continuing for the entire week, 450 police officers were deployed in Sydney's suburbs, ready to respond to any violent youths or gangs. The New South Wales Deputy Commissioner of Police Andrew Scipione said that while they had no specific intelligence, police expected more unrest. He also said that if needed he would seek assistance from police in other states, for extra resources and manpower. *

Deputy Police Commissioner Andrew Scipione said there had been a "welcome respite" last night from the violence of past days. But he said police would not be dropping their guard, with 450 officers on the streets of Sydney on the December 15 and 16, and numbers are likely to rise on the weekend as well. "I'd say this is the first time we've ever encountered this kind of phenomena anywhere in Australia," Mr Scipione said. "We'll look at it with a view of saying what is it that we can draw from the new powers that will allow us to be safe?" But he said police would have sufficient resources to cope with any more flare-ups at Sydney's eastern and southern beaches. *

Political and community leaders

Many Political spokesmen and analysts, such as NSW Premier Morris Iemma, Professor Michael Cyline and leaders of Islamic communities such as Keysar Trad, expressed fears that further violence would occur, fuelled by ongoing racial or ethnic tensions. See BBC News for information of the long-term ethnic tensions in Sydney.

They perceived this state of conflict as a result of the years of brooding disagreements and hatred between the two main ethnic groups involved in these incidents: Anglo-Celtic Australians, on the one hand, and Middle Eastern Australians on the other. In the years after the September 11, 2001 Attacks in New York, many had felt the sense of fear created by terrorism has only heightened public awareness of Arab communities in Sydney and their ongoing differences with non-Muslim Australians.*

Several Muslim women's groups made calls for a voluntary curfew on Middle Eastern youths, requesting parents to keep their children at home over the weekend after the mob violence. They also urged parents to confiscate mobile telephones and car keys, in an attempt to forestall further aggression and retaliatory attacks. Similar sentiments were expressed by the Assistant Police Commissioner, Mark Goodwin, who said "I urge community leaders to continue dialogue in an effort to defuse the aggression."

Jack Passaris, Chair of the Ethnic Communities Council of NSW, the peak representative body of the State's ethnic groups called for an urgent review of the racial-vilification laws in light of the race riots. "We would urge the government to introduce laws which would make the intentional incitement of racial hatred into a criminal offence," he said.*

In a speech made on December 15, NSW Premier Morris Iemma also described the intentions and action plans for increased police coverage to be put into effect. "Special attention will be paid to places of worship, our churches and our schools," he said. Mr Iemma warned that a 500-strong Anti-Riot Squad would be out in force over the summer to as a precaution to any further disturbances. *

The Premier also foreshadowed that a draft of a Bill (Legislation) had been prepared, which was intended to provide special and augmented powers to police, to be used in the case of continuing violence. These proposed laws were to contain a sunset clause of two years, he said. Mr Iemma also welcomed the "swift justice" and the four-month jail term which had already been handed down in the case of one man who had been arrested and convicted of a charge arising from the recent violence. *

Surfer Nathan Rogers, from Maroubra's notorious "Bra Boys" gang, said: "The beaches are not anyone's turf, they should be open to everyone, no matter of ethnic background." Similar "peace talks" between Muslim leaders and surfers were held at Cronulla Beach on the evening of Wednesday the 14th.*

Brian Wilshire, host of a talkback radio program on Maquarie Radio station 2GB, sparked further controversy for labelling people of Lebanese descent "inbred".

"Many of them have parents who are first cousins whose parents were first cousins. The result of this is inbreeding – the result of which is uneducationable (sic) people...and very low IQ."
Following widespread condemnation, including by NSW Premier Morris Iemma, Wilshire has since apologised for his comments.

Melbourne anti-racism rally

In Melbourne at 5:00 p.m. at Bourke Street Mall (Friday 16th) there was a large "anti-racism" rally to protest against the riots, though organisers also used it as an opportunity to protest other politically-related issues such as the War on Terror and Mandatory Detention.

Response from Rioters

Speaking on the Australian Program Four Corners, several youths engaged in the race riots spoke openly about their motivations behind the attacks *. While one Australian youth expressed his regret for the "people that got taken out that day", another explained that he wanted "this government to stop the growing threat. And I want them to stop appeasing Islam. And to stop appeasing people that follow Islam." Another added, "They will probably, like, possibly out-breed us. And once they get the numbers, they can vote their members into parliament. And once their members are in parliament, they can pass laws, like, they've already tried to get the Islamic law into Australia a few times." When asked by host Liz Jackson whether Australia could become an Islamic state, they replied, "Yeah, definitely."

Responses from Lebanese youths on the revenge attacks were mixed, with one stating "I'm against innocent people getting hit", whereas another interviewee, Ali, when questioned about his role in the riots, responded "Nah. I don't feel bad."

SMS Messages, Emails

Authorities and police have taken the new rounds of circulating SMS messages throughout Middle-Eastern, as well as Australian, communities and youths very seriously, as signs of further violence. Police said they had been investigating text messages allegedly inciting racial violence in New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia.

Of special note is that in the case of the Cronulla riots, these messages were broadcast nationally, in prime time, uncensored, showing the location and date of the proposed riot days in advance, by the Nine Network's A Current Affair.

SMS messages were widely circulated in response to these attacks, calling for "anti-racism" protests in Melbourne and other cities on Friday December 16 and Sunday December 18. Further messages from both groups (Middle Eastern and white Australians) of the violence in Sydney called for large-scale protests the following Sunday, police said, much the same way text messages had originally been used to incite mob violence in Cronulla. *

Economic impacts

Many of the small businesses in the affected areas (particularly in the beachside suburbs) reported a significant downturn in trade since the main incident of 11 December, with losses of anticipated earnings down by up to 90% at what would ordinarily be a busy time of the yearA significant downturn in the number of beach visitors over the weekend of 17-18 December was reported as far away as Terrigal on the Central Coast. The head of the Tourism and Transport Forum indicated on December 19 that there had already been layoffs of employees working in the tourism and hospitality industries in Cronulla, and the chief executive of the State Chamber of Commerce, Margy Osmond, was quoted as saying "If the violence continues there is the potential it could even force some businesses to close down and significantly damage our reputation as a tourist destination among both domestic and international visitors" [http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/tourism-braces-for-job-losses-if-trouble-persists/2005/12/18/1134840742474.html.

On the 22 December the BBC reported that some beach-side businesses reported a slump in takings by up to 75% since the unrest, and that the New South Wales state government had announced an A$250,000 ($183,000) campaign to bring tourists back to Sydney's beaches, including advertisements featuring well known sports stars, assuring tourists that it was safe to visit the area. Authorities in Britain, Canada and Indonesia issued warnings to their citizens to be on guard for possible continuing racial violence.[http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Cronulla-riots-prompt-travel-warnings/2005/12/21/1135032038518.html

Background and analysis

Violence and harassment by Middle Eastern youths

The Sydney Morning Herald reported that the riot was not about the attack at the beach on two Australian life-savers by young Middle Eastern men on the Sunday, but a response to an attack on two white Australians walking at the beach on the preceding Wednesday. A local school teacher and witness to the attack stated to the Sydney Morning Herald, "... a group of Lebanese were hanging around the showers at the car park. There were about 25 to 30 of them. A local guy, about 40, was walking by and said something. One of them punched him in the head from behind. When the Anglo guy turned around and started to defend himself, they swarmed on him. He went into a foetal position and they were all kicking him. Another guy went to assist him and he was attacked ..." A second witness to the attack stated, "I saw them kick the crap out of this bloke on the ground. One big guy was waving around a numchucker, and they were screaming 'We own this country'. *

The Sydney Morning Herald has since reported that the underlying Middle Eastern provacations are still very much prevalent 6 months after the 'revenge attacks'. At an Australian 16th birthday party in Green Valley several carloads of uninvited Middle Eastern men arrived to 'crash the party. The SMH stated, "... the Lebanese got on their mobile phones and began to gather numbers. More cars assembled. Police later estimated the size of the war party at about 60 men and 15 cars assembled in Clump Place. A large number of the party-goers went outside to see what was going on." "... two 16-year-old guests were treated for stab wounds at Liverpool Hospital ... the injured had been stabbed in the back after being swarmed."*

On Sunday 4 December 2005, a group of male youths of Middle Eastern descent were playing soccer on a Cronulla beach when the North Cronulla surf lifesavers are reported to have asked them to stop, as it was disturbing other users of the beach. The response from the youths was: "Get off our beach. This is our beach. We own it." Gerard Henderson, columnist at The Sydney Morning Herald, alleges that the surf lifesavers then provided the youths with "a degree of verbal provocation", and "reminded the south-western suburb inhabitants that they could not swim". Shortly thereafter three surf lifesavers (aged 15, 19 and 20) were confronted by initially four, and then later up to twelve individuals, and in the process were allegedly assaulted. Not all of those present were directly involved in the melee, and several of the larger group were reported to have attempted to break up the altercation. Police later claimed that there was no apparent racial motive behind that assault. A teenager was later charged with assault in company occasioning actual bodily harm [http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2005/12/07/1133829631860.html.

Build-up

Throughout the following week, from Monday 5 December to 10 December 2005, tensions rose as the wider public became aware of the confrontations through extensive print and media coverage and other means:
  • An SMS text message was circulated urging retaliation. The text message encouraged "Aussies" to take revenge against "Lebs and Wogs", and said "Bring your mates and let's show them that this is our beach and they are never welcome". It encouraged meeting on Sunday 11 December. * The SMS message, and its content, was widely disseminated through talkback radio, national television programming and other media.
  • On 7 December there were ongoing stories in the media about people who had been harassed and assaulted at Cronulla beach by Lebanese groups *.
  • On Thursday 8 December, the Premier of New South Wales (NSW), Morris Iemma, urged people not to take the law into their own hands *.
  • Throughout the week, Sydney radio personality Alan Jones, known for his inflammatory comments, repeatedly read out the infamous SMS on air, while 2UE host Steve Price urged a "community show of force". [http://smh.com.au/news/correction/correction/2005/12/18/1134840742431.html
  • The text message was repeated on the front page of the Sydney Morning Herald and the local paper.
  • On Saturday 10 December, Cronulla beach was unusually deserted despite the summer heat, and under-18 volunteers were relieved from local lifesaver patrols .

Beach violence

Beach-related violence is a phenomenon that has existed since at least the 1950s, when the fights were between "bodgies" and locals and later in the sixties "mods", "westies" and "surfies". The book (and later film) Puberty Blues describes the violence of the local surfing culture of the 1970s. * Unlike most Sydney beaches, Cronulla is serviced by a rail station, making it a popular destination for beach-goers who live further away.

In April 2005, the NSW Parliament member for Cronulla Malcolm Kerr spoke to the legislative assembly about law and order problems in that suburb, including a riot in the mall on Australia Day *.

References

  • “Sunny, 28 degrees but racial tension keeps crowds away”, The Sun-Herald, 2005-12-11, page 7

See also

External links

2005 in Australia | Crime in Sydney | History of New South Wales | Law enforcement in Australia | Racism | Riots in Australia | Anti-Arabism

Cronulla Riots | Disturbios raciales de Sydney (2005) | Émeutes de Cronulla 2005 | Rassenrellen in Sydney (2005) | シドニー人種暴動

 

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the "2005 Cronulla riots".

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